The Importance of Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Essays

The Importance of ism The marvel is Philosophy. wherefore is it important? What makes it important? To answer theses questions you first have to know what doctrine is. Philosophy is defined as the pursuit of wisdom a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative or else than observational means. This is the written definition of philosophy, but I think philosophy flowerpott be defined to just words. Its more whence words. Philosophy to me is an attempt to understand the world. To understand philosophy one must not look for a solid definition. It is easier to understand it if one is actually doing it. Why dont you try it bug out now, take the ever so popular phrase to be or not to be. One thing cant, be and not be at the similar time. If something is there, that can be touched, seen, held, or even look at, you can consider it to be, to exist. One cant say that it does not exist because the object in reality is there. It cant be there and not be there at the same time.Another way to try to understand philosophy is to find out where it came from and what the word means when it is broken down. The term philosophy comes from the Greek for love of wisdom, handsome us two important starting points love (or passion) and wisdom (knowledge, understanding)First well start off with love or passion. One must understand that philosophy shouldnt be pursed without love or passion. You must not think of philosophy as work. It must not be force upon you. You have to want to do philosophy. If your love or passion in philosophy isnt there, then you truly arent seeking wisdom. One must have a passion for what they are philosophizing to actually gain the wisdom in which they are seeking.Next would be wisdom. Wisdom is forever sought out by us as we grow and we mature. One normally doesnt consider the seeking of wisdom philosophy, but that is where they are wrong. This search for wisdom brings us m necessitateing to the prior topic of pas sion or love. When we look at things, most of us look for answers to how they work. For instance, lead by the nose when you were smaller you probably had no idea what snow was. You probably didnt know what is was made up of and where it came from. As a growing child trying to understand the world, one would probably seek out to understand how it worked. Thus, you probably asked your parents. This asking or seeking of k... ...uestion is always there but unfortunately the answer isnt. Whats meant by this is you can always ask a question, whether it is good question or a bad question really depends upon ones interpretation of the question. Since the answer isnt always there in philosophy you must not give up on it. What you must understand asking questions to further seek wisdom is good for ones mind even if the question cant be answered. Then again some answers might even lead to into further questions. Therefore, you might be stuck in a authorized question or understanding for som e time but it doesnt matter as long as you keep seeking of the true and mediocre answer.Now after all these reasoning and explanations, hopefully you can see what philosophy is and how it is important to our daily lives. It helps us understand what is going on around us. It helps us understand how things work. It helps us understand ourselves. For this we should be grateful to all the people who sought out for answers, who questioned other peoples thoughts, and who never stop seeking wisdom. For without philosophy, without benevolent curiosity, without questioning, without asking, there in no way we would be where we are today.

The Role of the Forest in Midsummer Nights Dream and As You Like It Es

William Shakespeare often compares imagination and reality in his plays. He explores this comparison through the exercise and purpose of the forests in Midsummer Nights Dream and As You Like It. Midsummer Nights Dream focuses on imagination and cope, while As You like It focuses on reality and self discovery. Imagination plays a key role in Midsummer Nights Dream. Puck, a fairy servant and friend of Oberon watches six Athenian men practice a play to be performed for Theseus wedding in the forest. Puck turns Nick Bottoms head into that of an ass. The other players see Bottom and run away screaming. He follows them saying, Sometime a horse Ill be, sometime a hound, a hog, a headless bear, sometime a fire. And neigh, and bark, and grunt, and roar, and burn, like horse, hound, hog, bear, fire, at every turn (3.1.110-113). Nearing the end of the play Theseus and Hippolyta discuss what the four lovers experienced. Theseus states, I never whitethorn believe these antique fables nor these fairy toys. The lunatic, the lover, and the poet are of imagination all compact (5.1.2-3 and 5.1.7-8). At the end of the play the fairies arrive to bless the three couples. Puck tells us, in a flash it is the time of night that the graves all gaping wide, every one lets forth his sprite, in the churchway paths to glide. And we fairies, that do not run by the triple Hecates aggroup from the presence of the sun, following darkness like a dream, now are frolic. (5.1.396-404). Oberon and Titania sing, So shall all the couples three ever true in sweet be. And the blots of Natures hand shall not in their issue stand. Never mole, harelip, nor scar, not mark prodigious, such as are despised in nativity, shall upon their children be (5.1.424-431). ... ...a person to escape reality. Through the forest of Arden, a person has time to contemplate life. Or is life a dream, as Puck put it, If we shadows have offended, think just now this, and all is mended---that you have but slumbered here w hile these visions did appear. And this weak and idle theme, no more yielding but a dream (5.1.440-445).Works CitedShakespeare, William. A Midsummer Nights Dream. Comp. Folger Shakespeare Library. New York, NY Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2009. Print.Shakespeare, William. No Fear Shakeaspeare A Midsummer Nights Dream. Trans. John Crowther. New York, NY Spark, 2003. Print.Shakespeare, William. As You Like It. Comp. Folger Shakespeare Library. New York, NY Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2009. Print.Shakespeare, William. As You Like It. Trans. Gayle Holste. Hauppauge, NY Barrons Educational Series, 2009. Print.

9/11:The Swedish Debate :: Politics Political Persuasive Essays

9/11 The Swedish DebateThe attack on September 11 has affected countries all everywhere the world. This was the case in Sweden where the events of 9/11 definitely had an impact. Naturally, the immediate reaction was shock at how someone could plan something so terrible and kill so many innocent people. However, a small group of authors and journalists made some statements showing that the fall in States deserved what happened. Obviously, these statements made a lot of people, including myself, very upset. These controversial statements led to a very intense debate in Sweden regarding Western countries, especially the United States, policies in the substance East.The terrorist attack on September 11 opened the eyes of many people to what is going on in different parts of the world. People wanted to know how someone could hate a nation and a people that stands for freedom and democracy so much that they were willing to take their own lives in order to kill innocent people. T o mother with, the discussion in Sweden was focused on these questions. However, the discussion took a different turn when some people, led by the Swedish author and politician Jan Guillo, begun to say that the United States had this coming because of the way they conduct their Middle East politics. Jan Guillo appeared in all major Swedish newspapers and TV stations saying that what happen was a terrible tragedy but the United States should have expected that something could happen. The United States should not have expected to go unpunished for the way they treat the Middle East and the Muslim states (Dagens Nyheter). Jan Guillo has a Socialist and anti-Capitalist background and he believes that the Western countries, including Sweden, back the United States only because they want to please the greatest Capitalist pastoral in the world. He argues that the Western countries would not have reacted in the same way if five thousand people in Baghdad were to be killed in a simila r attack. People in the Western world would not have cared if five thousand Iraqis were killed, simply because they feel dependent on the United States and have less concern for poor countries where the religion is considered fundamentalist and extremist. Everyone wants to be on the United States good side, according to Guillo (Dagens Nyheter).

The Great Depression in America Essay -- essays research papers

The Great Depression was a huge economic downfall in North America and involved many other industrialized countries of the world. The Depression began in 1929 and lasted for about ten years. Millions of people lost their jobs along with many businesses breathing out bankrupt. The common misconception of the Great Depression is people think that the stock grocery crash was the main cause for it. There were many causes for the Depression unequal dispersal of money during the 1920s was the main cause of the Depression. This unequal distribution happened on many different classes of people. The imbalance of money is what created such an unstable economy. The stock market was doing much worse than people thought during this period. This lead to the biggest stock market crash in our history. The misdistribution of wealth and the stock market crash caused the economy to flump (Modern).The stock market was bigger than ever in the 1920s. Prices reached levels that people never dreamed of . At one point when the market was roaring in family 1929 forty percent of stock market values were pure air. This meant that investors thought that the stock market would go up because it had been going up. By 1928 and 1929 the federal official take hold was worried about the high level that the stock market had reached (Galbraith 116). The Federal moderate feared that the stock market great power burst suddenly. If this did happen investment might fall, parts of the stock market might not be able to pay back debts, and even worse recession might result (Galbraith 118). The Federal Reserve in 1928 tried to make borrowing money for stock speculation more difficult and very costly by raising quest rates. All of the options that the Reserve tried had unfavorable risks associated with them. Many economists believed that the Federal Reserve was responsible for the recession. The stock market did crash on October 29 1929. The Federal Reserve tried to do to much to stop the recession and in return brought on the recession that they were trying to stop (America). When the stock market crashed in October this mean solar day was known as Black Tuesday. On this day Americans saw their stocks lose a tenth of their value. The exact reason for why the stock market destroy on this day are unknown (Delong 1). The stock market cras... ...t of 1935, which raised personal income taxes on the highest income levels (America).On December 8, 1941 the U.S. Senate issued a declaration of war on Japan. Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941. Industrial factories were at first slow to convert into making military machinery. By 1942, 33 percent of the economy was devoted to the war effort (Modern). This gave society a sense of patriotism and devotion to ones country. Between 1941 and 1945 the United States fagged about $250 million a day in order to defeat their enemies. Federal sp caning was more than $320 billion over that period. That was two times as much money as the federal government had spent in its entire history up until that point. This government spending stimulated an industrial crucify and stopped unemployment. By the end of the war in 1945, the farmers income had more than doubled. Corporate profits rose by 70 percent and the pay of the employees increased by over 50 percent. The most interesting statistic was that the earnings of the bottom fifth of workers rose to 68 percent. The Great Depression soon came to an end being swept away by the war (America).

The Internet Effect: How Has It Affected You? :: essays research papers fc

Commonly k right offn as the cyberspace, the pieces largest network is used extensively throughout the world today. Since its creation in 1983, the Internet has continued to grow in popularity and use as a commercial and private communications medium. Millions of people throughout the world use the Internet in a variety of ways, ranging from personal conversations to on-line shopping. According to a survey compiled by Nua Ltd in 1999, the number of Internet users rose from 26 million in 1995 to 205 million in 1999, an increase of almost 700% (Nua Ltd) With such an explosive increase, how then has the Internet affected us personally, and how has it affected the way we do business? The answers to these questions implicate changes in the way people obtain information, interact, work, learn and conduct business.Given the Internets original purpose is to deal information, it is no wonder that the most principal(prenominal) asset of the Internet is the wealth of information that can be found on the Internet (Maney 3). Information previously found only in libraries and encyclopedias is now available on the Internet in addition, news, weather, and movie listings are in addition made available on the Internet. Internet users constantly remain informed of the world around them by reading news from the New York Times, USA Today, San Jose Mercury News, Los Angeles Times and many other newspapers found on-line. Even those like myself who are remote away from home can keep in touch by reading local newspapers published on the Internet.Along with the vast amount of information, the Internet also provides almost instant sharing and distribution of information. Through the use of electronic mail, people all over the world can send information to far-away places cheaply, well and in great volume much more than any medium before it (Maney 3). This form of communication known as email is the most widely used tool of the Internet today. Another invention of the Internet is the chat room. From within a chat room, people make friends with others throughout the world and share information with one another in real time. Because of email and chat capability, employees can work together without requiring that everyone work in the same place or even at the same time (Maney 4). On a more personal level, email and chat allow families and friends to stay in touch, keeping relationships intact. organism an international student myself, email and chat rooms have greatly benefited me as they enable me to constantly keep in touch with my family and friends in Singapore.

The Internet Effect: How Has It Affected You? :: essays research papers fc

Commonly known as the Internet, the fields largest network is used extensively throughout the humans today. Since its creation in 1983, the Internet has continued to grow in popularity and use as a commercial and private communications medium. Millions of people throughout the world use the Internet in a variety of centerings, ranging from personal conversations to on-line shopping. According to a survey compiled by Nua Ltd in 1999, the number of Internet users move from 26 million in 1995 to 205 million in 1999, an increase of almost 700% (Nua Ltd) With such an explosive increase, how then has the Internet affected us personally, and how has it affected the way we do business? The answers to these questions include changes in the way people obtain information, interact, work, learn and conduct business.Given the Internets original purpose is to share information, it is no wonder that the most important asset of the Internet is the wealth of information that corporation be app oint on the Internet (Maney 3). Information previously found only in libraries and encyclopedias is now available on the Internet in addition, news, weather, and movie listings are also made available on the Internet. Internet users constantly remain informed of the world around them by reading news from the New York Times, USA Today, San Jose Mercury News, Los Angeles Times and many other newspapers found on-line. notwithstanding those like myself who are far away from home can keep in touch by reading local newspapers published on the Internet.Along with the long amount of information, the Internet also provides almost instant sharing and distribution of information. Through the use of electronic mail, people all over the world can send information to far-away places cheaply, easily and in great volume much more than any medium before it (Maney 3). This form of communication known as email is the most widely used tool of the Internet today. Another invention of the Internet is the chat room. From within a chat room, people chafe friends with others throughout the world and share information with one another in real time. Because of email and chat capability, employees can work together without requiring that everyone work in the same place or even at the same time (Maney 4). On a more personal level, email and chat allow families and friends to dumbfound in touch, keeping relationships intact. Being an international student myself, email and chat rooms have greatly benefited me as they enable me to constantly keep in touch with my family and friends in Singapore.

Tourist Case Study – Monaco

Monaco is a small and ancient princedom located on the southern coast of France, near the Italian border by the Mediterranean Sea. This principality has been in the hands of the ruling Grimaldi family since the thirteenth century and the Prince Rainier is the current ruler. Although it tho covers unitary squ be mile (two squ ared kilometers), it has a current population of 34,000, where only 16% are Monegasque (native population), 16% are Italian, and 47% are French. It is known for having to a greater extent police per square meter than any other orbit in the world and for not having to pay any income tax. It is considered by many to be Europes most fascinating country. Today, holidaymakers are attracted to the many physical and human factors, which after part be found in Monaco.Certain attractive physical features may be found. Firstly, holidaymakers seem mostly attracted to Monacos beautiful Mediterranean climate, where the summers are warm and the winters are mild with an ave rage of 300 sunny days a year. There are many attractive beaches, such as Larvotto Beach and the Monte-Carlo Beach hostelry, where the water is at a high temperatures through May till August, and where a chick crown is attracted to, as well as movie stars.Monaco besides contains a huge amount of human factors which attract phaetons. For any lot who are interested in Museums, Monaco has a wide selection. It is extremely famous for its Oceanographic Museum. This existence one of the best aquariums in Europe (known to have the rarest fish in the seven seas), is one the main attractions in the principality, containing a total of 90 brine tanks which hold 4,000 fish of which there are 350 different species. Giant skeletons of oceanic mammals are also on show, as well as the use of a meteorological station and a seismological observatory. A public terrace provides a beautiful panoramic view of the Italian Riviera.For tourists flavor more towards collections, the depicted object Mus eum contains doll and automata collections dating from the 17th century, as well as the Museum of Stamps and Coins. Other museums such as the exhibition the princes private collection of classic cars, the naval Museum, the lift museum of the princes of Monaco and the museum of Prehistoric Anthropology may be of high curiosity for anyone interested in those particular areas. If you get a line Monaco for more historic reasons, you allow be sure to visit the museum of Napoleons souvenirs, where Napoleons personal knickknack such as socks, handkerchiefs, medals, uniforms and swords may be found.One of the oldest parts of Monaco is known as Monaco-Ville, or the old town. If tourists are looking to understand the history of the principality better, then that is the place to go. It is found on top of a intumescent piece of wave and is called the rock. It measures a large 60 meters in height (or 200 feet).There are three main attractions which seem to dominate tourism The royal palace, the casino, and the Grand Prix. The Palace, which sits on the rock, has been owned by the Grimaldi Family since the 13th Century. It has 15 rooms and the throne room can be visited. There is the changing of the guards. The Casino, was built by Charles Garnier, one of Frances best architects of this ire. It stands on a panoramic terrace, offering one of the grandest views along the Riviera. It is a place where e precise tourist insists on gambling in, not because the tangible Casino is any different to any other one, alone because it is situated in Monaco. Finally, Monacos largest success which meditates place once a year in the shoemakers last week of May the Grand-Prix. It is where people from all over the world come to watch famous racecar drivers race to win. This is a huge sportive event for thousands of people and just the thought of an autograph would make anyone plan to see this.Many other sportive events take place in Monaco, which also attract locals and holidaymakers. Monaco has its very own Stadium, the Stade Louis II, where many huge and famous football matches are played. It is a giant sports complex where a high level of international disputation takes place, encouraging tourists from all over the place to support the games. As well as this, it is possible for holidaymakers to book to watch the Tennis Masters and Open lawn tennis championship tournaments, which are huge sporting events for the History of Tennis where some the Worlds best players come.Many beautiful gardens are very appealing to tourists. These include the Princess state of grace Rose Garden, where 4,000 rose trees stand being more than 150 different varieties. On the other hand, the Exotic Garden is composed of 7000 varieties of succulent and odd specimen of cacti. Tourists are known to have had admired them for their amazing shaped and colours (as they come from Africa and Latin America).The World Music Awards are held in Monaco, attracting anyone with euphony interest s or anyone who wants to try and see famous pop stars. The Yacht show is a huge event attracting all those tourists interested in boats. Last but not least, holidaymakers usually plan their holidays so as to leave enough time for shopping. There are shops such as Chanel, Dior, Louis Vuitton, Gucci, Lanvin, Prada, Cartier, Bulgari and Fred. It is hard to feel other towns where all these sorts of shops are so close together.Tourists can take part in various activities. They can ride in the Azur Express tourist train, which is a guided tour around Monaco or take the Aquavision which is a boat trip with Underwater vision. There are also runs which take place from time to time where people run around Monaco. And of course, there are always parties that over 18s can take part in.Tourists bring some(prenominal) benefits and problems to Monaco. The prices in Monaco are extremely high and as it is a huge tourist area, when tourist come to Monaco, they spend a lot of money on the shops and restaurants, tourist sites, the casino and hotels. This gives Monaco a very high economy which enables the residents to live tax-free and to keep the people employed. People who are working there are also getting a lot of money to earn a living, they are well paid. Without the tourists coming to Monaco, the people living there would not be living in the same conditions they would have to pay tax and to do this work extra time. The money is also going towards improving the environment and it is alpha for Monaco to keep up its high standards.The tourists in Monaco also cause conflicts between them and the residents. For example at the Grand-Prix, the streets where it is happening will be crowded with people, the roads will be blocked making it inaccessible for public transport for the retired. There will be huge amounts of disruption, not only from the screaming crowds, but the motor-cars, where the noise can be heard almost all over the principality. This also disturbs certain sch ools who happen to have major exams during that week.During major football matches, there is a huge amount of traffic in Fontvielle (a neat industrial suburb) and therefore the residents nearby are not happy, also because the loudspeakers can be heard. It is no thirster safe to go out during a football match as tourist take to getting drunk and starting fights with anyone who crosses their way. To manage the risk of getting hurt in a fight, police have now been sent all around Fontvielle to avoid the occurrence of fights and to arrest anyone who opposes to that rule.Now, only cars with a madcap plate indicating it is from either France or Monaco is aloud to drive past the royal palace. If this rule had not been put to use, tourists would have caused traffic jams by stopping in the middle of the road in front of the Palace to take pictures. This way, they can take a nice long walk and admire the scenery by rights in more depth. Monaco is very keen on its environment and it is ofte n the case that tourists step on the grass, though it is not allowed. To solve this, more and more signs have been put up to try and stop the destruction or the flattening of grass.In conclusion, it is clear that Monaco is a very tourist industry thanks to its honorable facilities and physical and human factors. Although conflicts and problems are caused, tourists also bring benefits to Monaco they increase Monacos economy and it is due to this, that Monaco is the principality that it is.

Adelphia Communications Corporation

Adelphia Communications Corporation was one of the leading cable companies before filing for unsuccessful person in the year 2002 due to gross internal corruption which led to the conviction of some of its leading directors and board members.It was established in 1952 after its hand John Rigas purchased Cable Company for three hundred dollars as a hedge for the lost sales of his theater gild. It was bought in Couldersport, Pennsylvania and this remained the companys headquarters until the bankruptcy file.Shortly after filling for bankruptcy, the companys headquarters moved to Greenwood Village in Colorado. Most of its major assets were acquired by Time Warner Cable and Comcast in the year 2006 and its remaining assets are being auctioned online by a company known as LFC which in interned based.Due to this acquisition, the company no longer offers it cable services and since it offered long distance services, senior high speed internet and telephone services with over a hundred thousand customers in twenty seven states, this services was taken over by Pioneer Telephone.After the companys downfall it retained a skeleton status with more than two hundred and fifty employees mandated to oversee the bankruptcy issues and it is still recognized as a corporate entity which is still struggling to fight its obligations financially and also handle the litigation claims.The Mississippi Company was initially liveed in the year 1684 and it was a chartered company. It was started on the demand of Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieru de La Salle after he projected it from the year 1660 and later being appointed the Governor of Fort Frontenac, which was at the utter of River Mississippi.After traveling over the country through the River, he returned to France and there he solicited for the establishment of the company. After he achieved his goal of the company being established, he returned to start his colony but he failed and finally was killed by his men in a mutiny.Rene-Rob ert Cavelier, Sieru de La Salle was succeeded by Pierre Le Moyne d Iberville who built a forgather and succeeded in settling a colony. It was very successful and in 1718 it had already established New Orleans city which was located at the Louisiana territory.John fair play, a Scottish businessman gained controlling interest in the company and it was renamed Compaignie dOccident and its major target was to conduct business and trade with the North American French colonies and more than of the Mississippi River basin was located around this area.John Law was also granted a monopoly ranging a period of twenty five years by the politics of France to trade with North America and West Indies.The companys success increased and in the year 1719, the company acquired Compagnie de Chine, Compagnie des Indes Orientales and a contingent of other trading companies of France.John Law came up with a marketing scheme which was very effective by all means. that exagerrated Louisiana wealth and t his had the effect of leading to wild speculations on the shares of the company in 1719. The companys shares loss to a magnificent 15,000 livres from 500 livres.However, by the summer of 1720, the confidence in the shares declined and hence the price of the shares was back to 500 livres by 1721. The legal guardian Phillippe II of Orleans dismissed John Law at the end of 1720 and Law consecutively fled France.

Imaginative Journey

Imaginative expedition refers to movements where the individual does not have to physically travel anywhere. It is a go of the mind, which allows individuals to visit any place they desire or are led to even those that dont exist. Imaginative journey can lead to inspiration, smell and imagination. However the journey is only a means to an end. This end being knowledge, experience or discoveries made by the individual in the process of the grotesque journey which broadens or heightens the responders perception or sense of the world.Imaginative journeys that take place in the film adaptation of Lewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland explore the themes of imagination, magic and freedom. This allows the responder to be able to journey with the main characters and evaluate the perception of their experience and discoveries by applying it to ourselves and others. Alice in Wonderland is an immortal tale of vision and wonder that follows the tale of a young girl who falls asleep in a meadow and dreams of entering a magical world, filled with crazy adventures and magical creatures.The protagonist of the film Alice holds magic as a form of distraction, resulting from her panic of singing in front of public interviews. Magic is symbolised through the aeonian music in the film. This is evident when Alice opens the door to the beautiful garden. The director uses a calming instrumental piece of music to show the difference between the mankind in Alices life and the reality in the magical world behind the small door. The use of a close up shot enforces Alices facial expressions to show the audience her excitement and interest in entering the garden.What the audience discovers in Alices magical journey is that shes trying to use magic and her imagination as a platform for self-expression. For example, the rabbit and all the magical characters she meets, from the rude caterpillar to the Cheshire cat, all help her through her imaginative journey. Her fear of speaking in fr ont of people is a reoccurring motif and each character plays a part in helping her overcome this fear. The caterpillar tells her everything has a purpose, even here.Her purpose was not only to escape her boring life with magic and imagination, but rather meet that life head on and conquer her fears. Another issue involved is that of freedom. The audience must understand that Alice comes from a social context where children are only meant to be seen, not heard. What the audience gathers from her journey is that her effort to escape and find herself is just a means for her to find her form of freedom.This is shown by the way she has the freedom to either drink or not to drink the potion if I drink this, ill be small enough to climb under the door referring to the beautiful garden that she thinks looks safe and no one will look for me there. The high camera angle of the garden enables the audience to understand why Alice wishes to go there. Though the Cheshire cat reminds her, sometim es things that look safe, turn out to be nasty.The audience discovers that Alice is able to go through the process of an imaginative journey so she can be free. This helps the audience understand that in their own world it doesnt matter what age, race or sex you are, the imaginative journey is part of humanity and it is the cardinal towards a better understanding of ourselves and the world around us. Therefore through the themes of imagination, magic and freedom the audience is able to experience Alices imaginative journey and gain a better understanding of themselves and others.

Cider House Rules Review

The 1 999 film, cyder manse Rules, directed by plight Hailstorm and based on a novel written in 1985 by John Irving, portrays the respective of terminateions back when women did not have the right to choose. The movie takes bug out during World War II in America, when the struggle between women and ball club over the laws of abortion was the most evident. It is with consideration of our history, and the examples depicted In the movie cyder House Rules, that I believe In each womans right to choose whether or not abortion Is meant for their particular situation.There has always been a heated fence in on human rights, and that of a woman and her fetus. The question to whom should have the right to choose and the right to life is where this argument has continued to go back and Roth. Cider House Rules gives a modern perspective on abortions during the past, and allows us to appreciate the rights we have now in a contemporary society. Unlike the present, during the sasss when the movies cartridge holder variant was based, abortions were illegal and women did not have the right to choose.No matter what the circumstances, a woman had to carry the fetus to full term her only options being to keep it or to give It up for adoption. At that time, there was no other legal choice. Without options, women during this era would set out to find a doctor who would illegally abort their fetus for them. Considering the national ban of contraceptives was not uplifted until 1965, the only legal way for a woman to avoid gestation was through abstinence (Impressionable). This does not account for the unavoidable impregnation from rape or incest.The uncertainty and inability to protect your body from having to bear an unwanted tike is why each end should be determined separately. Women deserve the right to choose, because the law is unable to acknowledge and determine each case individually. Cider House Rules showcases m whatsoever of these situations. The movie is a test ament of a young man trying to find his lace in American society. Along the way, his morals and beliefs are tested. bell ringer Wells, who was twice choose and returned, is raised by the orphanage doctor, Wilbur Larch.Larch quickly realizes Homers potential and with his utilitarianism ethics In which he believed that, moot have to be of use, began to teach Homer how to be an unlicenced doctor (Hailstorm, 1999). Being trained specifically In the field of genealogy, DRP. Larch performed Illegal abortions for women and believed In a womans right to happiness and the ability to choose. Homer is an anti-abortionist mentor, DRP. Larch, with playing illegal abortions. Throughout the entirety of the movie, he is challenged by witnessing women wanting to terminate their pregnancies.The question that remains is whether Homers values impart stay true based on his views, or differ with each situation. The first scenario of abortion was presented in the beginning of the movie. Homer found a twelve year old young lady friend exhibiting dangerous symptoms. She was quickly rushed to surgery, where DRP. Larch voiced to Homer, If shed come to you four months ago and asked you for a simple D and C, what would you have decided to do? secret code? This is what doing nothing gets you, Homer.It means that someone else is going to do the Job-?some moron who doesnt know how (Hailstorm, 1999). The girl eventually died due to a botched abortion that left-hand(a) her uterus pierced by a knitting needle. One would first have to question if she was able to assent to sexual intercourse. In Kantian grounds, any form of coercion would be virtuously object-able on Kantian grounds. This is one of the strongest reasons for prohibiting sex with children- namely, that they are not independent enough to resist pressure or coercion (Ethics, 214).As a result, any pregnancy resulting with a child consenting to sexual intercourse could morally be aborted. Furthermore, if she is not mature enoug h to consent to sexual intercourse, then presumably, she should not be morally liable to birth or care for any offspring that happens as a result of this. From a Utilitarian point of view, one would have to consider the consequences of having a baby at such a young age. If the consequences of a young dumbfound belongings her child overshadows the things that would make her happy in life, it would morally be tolerable for an abortion to transpire.Other consequences that would have to be evaluated are how one so young would be able to provide for an infant, along with the happiness of the young mother and child in effect. According to Pregnancy-Info. Net, A child born to a teenage mother is also seen to be at a disadvantage in society. Facts they base this statement on include Newborns of teen mothers tend to have a start birth weight. As they get older, they are more likely to do poorly in school and have a greater chance of experiencing clapperclaw and neglect.It has been found that sons of teenage mothers are more likely to wind up in prison. Daughters of teen mothers have an increased risk of experiencing a teenage pregnancy themselves. With Utilitarian logical thinking, ethically it would be permissible for this child to abort a pregnancy that would threaten the happiness of both mother and child. If abortions had not been illegal during the time that this movie takes place, and the girl was able to obtain an abortion in a sanitary and safe environment with a professional, then the girl would have survived.The southward scenario, in which Young Homers anti-abortionist morals are tested, is with his soon-to-be secret lover glaze Kendall. She and her boyfriend Let. Wally Worthington reach out to DRP. Larch for an abortion. There was never an explanation cited for the indispensableness of the abortion, leaving the audience to presume that they were not prepared to rear a child. DRP. Larch has always made it clear that, If you expect people to be amen able for their children, you have to give them the right to decide whether or not to have children (Hailstorm, 1999).However, Homer has always stood to his grounds that a child deserves to be a move at a lower place any circumstance. His naturalistic beliefs were that it is wrong to end a life Church are based on natural law. Thomas Aquinas was a friar preacher friar who also seed natural law to argue ethically. In On Natural LaW Aquinas states, In the first place, there is the inclination overlap by all substances in as much as they naturally desire self-preservation (Ethics, 105). Quinoas argument further supports that abortion goes against the preservation of the human species, and it denies the fetus to alive to its full potential.From this point of view, Candy is immoral for aborting because she is denying the fetus the right to its potential life. If we are depending on the status of the fetus, then some would argue that there should be criteria to what we consider to be a person. Others reject this position by drawing a distinction between human being and human person, arguing that duration the fetus is innocent and biologically human, it is not a person with a right to life. In support of this distinction, some propose a list of criteria as markers of Persephone.For example, Mary Ann Warren suggests consciousness (at least the capacity to feel pain), reasoning, self motivation, the ability to communicate, and self- apprisedness (Wisped). With this argument, Candy was morally correct to abort an unwanted child because people like Mary Ann Warren believe that a fetus does not exhibit all the criteria of Persephone, thus does not have the right to life. Candy utilized her options by choosing to abort the fetus because her bodily rights exceed that of the fetus. The law at the time would have prevented Candy from attaining an abortion, so she did so illegally because she entangle it is what is best for her.People should have the option to decide whet her or not they are ready to be a parent for themselves. Our final scenario presented in Cider House Rules is that of Rose. She is one of the migrant apple pickers who befriend Homer. Her father, Mr.. Rose, was the leader of their team. After their return from the prior season, it became evident that Rose was pregnant. What truly tested Homers anti-abortionist ethics is when he became aware of who Rose was impregnated by Her father, Mr.. Rose. In this case, all of Homers arguments of sexual restraint and pro life could not apply to her injustice.It seems that this was the only case that shook Homer into accept in a womans right to choose. Some feel that it is an injustice for a women to carry a pregnancy resulting from a sexual assault. It is also said that a pregnancy caused by rape or incest is the result of a grave injustice. This would remind the woman for nine months of the violence committed against her and would increase her mental anguish. The victim should not be obliged to carry the fetus to viability because The fetus is an aggressor against the womans integrity and personal life (Backbite).Rose had a major injustice inflicted on her and morally should not have to bear a child that was forced. Finally, we must consider the views of Judith Jarvis Thomson. She creates an imaginary scenario in which a famous violinist has kidnapped you in the middle of the night, and is dependent up to your kidneys to purify his blood. She then compares the violinist to a fetus, who is a living viable person, and asks if you should morally have to save his life. Comparable to a fetus, the violinist has not asked permission and has connected his existence to your body.Thomson argues that even though it would be charitable of you to save the life of the violinist, or fetus, you are not obligated to do so. such views are consistent with a position that stressed that women are persons and have the right to bodily integrity as do other people, and others, even the dire ful purposes such as the nurturing of children (Ethics, 180). Applying Roses pregnancy due to incest, and the examples by Thomson, Rose has the right to abort because the acts were committed against her will and the fetus will grow in her without permission.It is with this reasoning that Homer aborted Roses pregnancy. Since society had deemed abortions illegal during this time, she would have had to birth a child that was born through incest. It would not be society, but Rose who would have to live with the ultimate reminder of her fathers injustice. That is why Rose, rather than society, should have the right to choose what actions to take. The Journey of the character Homer Wells witnesses three scenarios in which women have aborted their fetus.He began with his findings of an anonymous young girl who died from her botched abortion, during which his anti-abortionist ethics were unchanging. He then met Candy, who received an abortion by his mentor, DRP. Larch. His argument on cont rolling your sexual urges was contradicted with his affair with Candy. Homer finally went against his pro- life ethics by personally aborting Roses fetus that was conceived through an incestuous relationship with her father. By the ND of the film, Homers ideals were not crushed, but were altered by the realism of the world.Realistically we must recognize that Cider House Rules is Just a fictional story that depicts real situations that do occur. Every year, millions of women have an abortion and all(prenominal) abortion is backed by different reasons. In the end, it is not up to society to Judge a woman for terminating her pregnancy. Debates and reasoning for or against abortion will always exist. However, history shows that even when illegal, abortions were executed and sought after. In the long run, either legally or illegally, omen will implement the use of abortions whether society hold them as legal or illegal.

Human being Essay

There has always been a concern as to why some(prenominal) people be fork over in some weird ways that not both ordinary person will act in such a manner. It is a fact that every(prenominal) individuals are different from each other but there are expectations that human beings have over others. That certain character trait should not be expected in a normal human being.A study into the issues of psychopath and sociopath will help to show some light to the enquiry of how different persons can be described and classified in a view of come acrossing human behavior and human psychology. Who are psychopaths or sociopaths? harmonise to Patrick (2007) a psychopath or a sociopath is an individual who displays unique unordinary behaviors as compared to the other normal human beings.Such an individual shows signs of not having any guilt or troubled conscience for something he or she has done which is wrong, correspondings putting blame on other people for the mistakes that he or she com mits, likes fictionalisation all the time ab verboten several issues, do not value other people as fellow human beings, develop involved in destructive actions fights and wars, some are rouseually irresponsible, have low self control, not realistic in whatever they plan and do, and seem to attract the assistance of others by portraying a false picture of themselves among other unordinary behaviors. What are the causes?As argued in Goldstein and Weiner (2003) there are some reasons that have been found out to moderate in the development of such character traits some of them include in born traits that a person inherits from his or her family background, some could happen where the confederation in which people live in draws lines of behaviors that seem to be extra ordinary from the rest of others in the society, would come also as a result of the influences of the external environment and as a result of the adaptive strategies in a bid to survive in the world with others and th e problems and experiences that a person underwent opus growing will also contribute like if a person was exposed to violent circumstances in hi or her childhood the very(prenominal) things are likely to be done by that person.Is the female psychopath different from the male sociopath? How and in what way? Why is this important to understand? The way in which a female psychopath behaves tends to be more similar to that of their male counterparts although the ratio of male to female a bit higher. The grade of activities that they involve themselves in are the ones that will help to distinguish the differences but basically the same idea is that they all display behaviors that seem to be unruly, Berecz (1999).A female psychopath will show behaviors like most of them would not want to get into a serious marriage commitment by staying with a husband but instead would prefer to stay alone with her children, would want to be draw the attention of the people around her, likely to mistre at her cause children, she does not want to strive for anything that can help her but instead will want other people to do everything she is supposed to do for her returns Million, Simonsen and Smith (2003). According to Gill and Barraclough (2007) such a female person is too proud of herself and could want to have all the things that others have to herself. In some cases will want to attempt suicide as a way to deal with her problems, all her life she will be blaming other people for the miseries she capacity be undergoing. She engages in criminal activities like conning people their belongings, leading people to crimes, are drug addicts of a high extent with their life styles leading to get off exploits and males and females they way she wishes for herself which in some instances could include killing.As discussed in Herve and Yuille (2007) the males will involve themselves in very many sexual relationships with women and will be suitable to convince women with a lot of ease to get into relationships with him. He tends to spend his money in a reckless way, like involving themselves in criminal activities like murder, violent robberies, once he marries he is likely to abandon his wife and children and being unfaithful to the other spouse. Involve themselves in ungodly acts like having sex with the animals, would like to cover his weaknesses with good acts like being generous with his wealth. They are also likely to drug addicts like alcohol, bhang among others. ConclusionAccording to the analysis that has been make above the way Female psychopaths behave is different from the way male sociopaths would behave because men are more energetic and will display the disorders that they have with relating with others by use of applying force in either fighting, car breaking , among other physical means of applying force. As for the females their disorders will be see with the various reacts that a female will undertake like her talking and other means of commun ication. They involve themselves in many sexual relationships and will get away with it from all the partners without admitting to that behavior among others Berecz (1999). Word count 876 ReferencesAlan Goldstein, Irving Weiner (2003). Forensic psychology Forensic psychology. tin can Wiley and sons publishers. Christopher J. Patrick (2007). Handbook of Psychopathy. Guilford press. David Gill, Jennifer Barraclough (2007). Hughes outline of modern psychiatry. 5th edition, John Wiley and sons publishers. John M. Berecz (1999). Sexual styles a psychologists guide to understanding our lovers personality. Humanics publishing group H Herve, John C. Yuille (2007). The psychopath theory, research and practice. Routledge publishers. Theodore Million, E. Simonsen, M. B metalworker (2003). Psychopapthy Antisocial, criminal and violent behavior. Guilford press. .

Difficult Emotion Process

My jockstrap and her boyfriend broke up months ago and I likewise got affected with the break-up because Ive also become friends with the ex-boyfriend. My friend has plumped to see another(prenominal) guys and the ex-boyfriend is seeing other girls likewise. The thing is, the ex-boyfriend, although he is dating with other girls, isnt over my friend yet and he is using me as his bridge to his ex-girlfriend. That is fine with me. My role would be to update the ex-boyfriend with how the girl is doing.As a friend, I had become a confidante of the girl and she would tell me in all so I cognise that the girl is really over her ex-boyfriend and has started to like the guy he met in one of her Chemistry class. Then, being a friend of the ex-boyfriend, I have learned that he constantly conceptualizes of my friend and still hoping that they could come to reconciliation and eventually get back together. I thought that the ex-boyfriend should drive in that there wont be a second chance between them. I have already given him the idea and then, he valued me to tell everything about what I know of his ex and the current of his ex.I did and this made him confront the ex-girlfriend. Now, my friend is upset at me. Part of me felt sinful and the other makes me think that I shouldnt for I am just being a friend to both of them. 2. Ive thought about our friendship and I felt horrible of how it is right now. I felt its shouldnt how friendships should end and Ive thought friendships shouldnt be ruined like that. beingness in the same school, we can avoid passing each other but we cant avoid seeing each other. On our dispatch term, I asked her if she wanted to talk and she said yes.Maybe, she felt the same as I did and maybe, she also wanted to talk about it. I think she misses me too I told her that I regret not having to explain to her right away and that we ended not talking to each other. I explained to her that I felt guilty about having to disclose her dating with another guy to her ex-boyfriend, but, I think as a friend to her ex, I should help him move on and by telling him about her new guy this would make him think. I also told her that I think she should also tell this to his ex so the ex could start moving on.I said that when she got upset, I also felt the same towards her because I couldnt understand why she would feel like that and I couldnt peacefulness thinking of what she is thinking about me. I said that I also had second thoughts of telling it all to the ex. I also told her that I felt I do not deserve the cold treatment Ive been receiving from her for days because I think I did the right thing to help the ex and that bequeath not do her any harm and that there is no point of keeping the dating in secret from her ex.And if she felt that Im not supposed to befriend the ex, it isnt right. I told her that I wanted to get things back the way it was before all those things happened. 3. Ive had confrontations before and every time it is so difficult to go through. I watched her reactions and I saw that she is also saddened. She was listening intently. When it came to the part where I told her of how I do not deserve her sort of treatment, she covered her face and started to cry, but she kept on listening. I think I did all the talking at our conversation.She was so quiet. It was really awkward. I thought, at that moment, I was eviling her. Just to end the silence, I asked her if she wanted to buy a soda. She turned to me and said she missed me. I dont know if things between us is really okay right now, but maybe it would. I hope it would. Maybe later we could try fixing things. I think whats important is that we start talking to each other again. Later, I would try to talk her through trusting each other again. 4. The skill was useful, although I wasnt perfectly sure if I followed it all.But it reminded me of many points that would help me and it did help me. The timing was perfect, I wasnt telling any non-se nse that could have hurt her more. I think it helped me make my friend understand how I felt. I was so cautious with my words and because I know her well, I know which words could hurt her and which wont and how I should tell her. I just know how she would take things based on how it is being delivered to her. I didnt get more response from her at that time, but, later, shell talk.

American Dream Essay Essay

Does American still provide access to the American Dream?Yes, America still provides access to the American Dream because it is the ideals of freedom, equality, and probability traditionally held to be available to every American. It provides America access because it doesnt matter what goes on or what happens in your tone. It doesnt matter your cultural background, life experiences, or the language you enunciate. All people are given the equal veracious and opportunities to operate self-sufficient, independent, successful and prosperous. Education plays a great part in one achieving his/her goals with adequate preparation and application of knowledge. America still provides access because it gives you the opportunity to vote, speak, and have freedom. For example, to vote means that you can go and vote as you please, to speak means to say what you want to say when you want to say it, and freedom means you have the opportunity to go to school, graduate, get a college degree, and worldly concern a job in your career.I feel that America still provides access because you have the right to vote. However, you can determine which candidate campaigning for status you want to vote for. When choosing the person you think is best for the office its a hard choice because one person will have contrastive views from the other. When it comes down to choosing you have to weigh your pros and cons. Voting is only a right and you should exercise the right to go and vote in order to have a voice or opinion about candidates. Although not everyone votes, every vote counts. Your verbal vote is not what counts.The American Dream does give you the opportunity to speak because you have the right to say what you want to say if you see something that you disagree with. When disagreeing with something that someone is doing, it has to be something that you dont like or something that isnt termination the way you think it should be going. The pros and cons of speaking are saying the wrong thing at the wrong time or place and saying the right thing at the appropriate time. For example, when having a discussion about the American Dream and you have a negative statement about it keep it to yourself because you whitethorn offend someone just by what you stated. When discussing cigarettes or drugs, and you have a positive statement about it let it be heard becauseyou may mixed bag someones life about smoking again.America gives you the freedom to get an education. By getting an education it means you have the opportunity to become a successful and productive citizen as well as becoming a positive asset to society. It takes dedication, perseverance, and determination to be what you want to be in life. You must be honest, beginning with self and then with others. You must also be observeful to oneself and others. By the same token you must demand respect from others.The American Dream is bringing to reality the ideals of ambitious individuals who respect and expect to be respected while in pursuit of life, liberty, and happiness.

American Samoa

Im from American Samoa Samuelu Tofiga PSY 202 Renee Bostick 2/25/2013 Outline Introduction Thesis here(predicate) argon my five characteristics that I want to sh be with you, Im from American Samoa, one of the territories of the coupled States of America, Im a idealistic Samoan, Family, and farming and Tradition. I. American Samoa a. Beautiful island to take a vacation on b. Many myths and folk tales from the past c. The social, political and family issues be mere windows at habitusing the many an(prenominal) facets and drawings that plug in the cultures of the world II.One of the territories of the linked States of America d. American Samoa is served by one major airline today and devil computer, or smaller, airlines e. There is television and newspaper in print f. Telephone (including cellular phone service) and meshing service available and used by almost everyone on the island III. Im a knightly Samoan g. I am a full Samoan and I let you know that be a Samoan or liv e in Samoa takes you in a different place and we perpetually love call backors from outside or some the world who wants to visit the fair island of American Samoa h.Some Samoans leave our island and bunk in different places but suddenly they pull up stakes come along back where they originated from and where they belong to i. No librate where you go, no matter how far you go, you will always be back where you belong to IV. Family j. Children argon taught when they are young to view their older siblings k. The father is the patriarch of the family and next to him is the m other. From there it is the children from oldest to youngest l. Within the family, giving and receiving tautua (service), faaaloalo (respect) and alofa (love) are crucial in Samoan social relationsV. Culture & Tradition m. The concept of faasamoa is essential to Samoan identity, and consists of a number of values and traditions aiga (family), tautala Samoa (Samoan language), gafa (genealogies), matai (chief ly system), lotu (church), and faalavelave (ceremonial and other family obligations) n. Hospitality to outside visitors is a natural part of the culture, though it is most of the essence(predicate) to stay fresh and respect local Samoan traditions o. When visiting Samoa, your resort, hotel or lodging will be pleased to advise you of other local customsRunning Head AMERICAN SAMOA Im from the beautiful island of American Samoa Samuelu Tofiga Ashford University of Iowa Abstract American Samoa is what some people called the joyful place or the island of the paradise. Hi my ring is Samuelu Tofiga Im from the territory and the island of American Samoa I welcome you to the story or some important facts of my beloved island to you folks all around the world. You almost cant find my island on the universe or the map, but its a tiny rock where we live at and its in the Pacific Ocean and its closer to the equator.I want to take you to the interesting story of where Im from and prescribe y ou we are human beings too. You will be able to enjoy my writing and explore the new training from my island. Im from the beautiful island of American Samoa Dont shrink your dreams, super-size your courage and abilities (Salmonsohn). Welcome everyone to my island of American Samoa if you want to explore one of the passion islands in the Pacific Ocean, you should visit American Samoa. In the past, my island was form from small tiny rocks, they break apart and become lands.Here are my five characteristics that I want to share with you, Im from American Samoa, one of the territories of the linked States of America, Im a proud Samoan, Family, and Culture and Tradition. First of all, American Samoa is a beautiful place an island to take a vacation on, if you want to go to someplace warm, you should visit American Samoa its closer to the equator. We substantiate many myths and folk tales from our own ancestors in the past, up until now we usually maintain that fact from the past.It is very important for people all around the world that American Samoa is very helpful, people are very kind and I know many people from different countries are likely to live, stay and make their family here in American Samoa. American Samoa is a wonderful example of a culture and a people that, over the years have developed into a diverse structure the traditional and the modern. Comparing and contrasting these two can hold many elements, but the economy and religion are two that affect almost every force field of both groups of these people.The social, political and family issues are mere windows at forming the many facets and drawings that connect the cultures of the world. Secondly, American Samoa is one of the territories of the United States of America. As an unincorporated and unorganized territory of the United States and administered by the Office of Insular Affairs and the United States Department of the Interior Independence, the America Samoa military activities take pla ce within the United States. American Samoa is served by one major airline today and two computer, or smaller, airlines.There is television and newspaper in print. surprisingly though, telephone (including cellular phone service) and Internet service available and used by almost everyone on the island. A proud Samoan should have knowledge and familiar with the Samoan Culture, the pride to be a Samoan, and understand and loves to communicate and work together with the people of Samoa. I am a full Samoan and I let you know that being a Samoan or live in Samoa takes you in a different place and we always love visitors from outside or around the world who wants to visit the beautiful island of American Samoa.Some Samoans leave our island and move in different places but suddenly they will come back where they originated from and where they belong to. No matter where you go, no matter how far you go, you will always be back where you belong to. Family is a key to the Samoan people becau se it ties altogether with the culture and tradition. Children are taught when they are young to respect their older siblings. At the same time their older siblings are being taught to respect their elders. There is always someone older than you to give respect to. The structure of a Samoan family follows a hierarchy. The father is the patriarch of the family and next to him is the mother. From there it is the children from oldest to youngest. This structure becomes very important as the children learn faaaloalo because the siblings are very much involved with each others learning. The central element in Samoan culture is the aiga (family). Within the family, giving and receiving tautua (service), faaaloalo (respect) and alofa (love) are crucial in Samoan social relations.Young people are expected to serve and show respect to elders, and can expect to receive love, protection, honor, a name to be proud of, and defense by the family when it is needed. The Samoan Culture and Tradition is very important. The concept of faasamoa is essential to Samoan identity, and consists of a number of values and traditions aiga (family), tautala Samoa (Samoan language), gafa (genealogies), matai (chiefly system), lotu (church), and faalavelave (ceremonial and other family obligations).There are also the associated values of alofa (love), tautua (service), faaaloalo (respect), feagaiga (a covenant amid sibilings and others) and usitai (discipline). Hospitality to outside visitors is a natural part of the culture, though it is most important to observe and respect local Samoan traditions. These include not giving money to children, removing footwear before go in a fale, never standing when a local elder is sitting, asking permission before winning photos in a village, avoiding skimpy attire, wearing a lavalava (sarong or cloth wrap) when visiting churches or villages.Nude or topless bathing is prohibited. When visiting Samoa, your resort, hotel or lodging will be pleased to a dvise you of other local customs. As of now, you understand and authentically enjoy the short story from where I am from, and if you really wanted to visit or you want it a proof come and visit my island and you will emphatically wanted to go back where you came from. You will enjoy your staying and wanted to live in American Samoa forever.Likewise I wanted to inform you again my five characteristics American Samoa is where I am from, one of the territories of the United States of America, proud Samoan, family, culture and tradition. References Salmonsohn, K. (n. d. ). Cute & Inspirational Sayings. In notsalmon. com. Retrieved February 8, 2013 (2001). In http//amsamoa. net/. Retrieved February 10, 2013 The Family Faaaloalo (2005). In www. saolelei. com. Retrieved February 10, 2013 Samoan Culture (1998). In www. teara. govt. Retrieved February 10, 2013 Samoa its culture and traditions (2013). In www. samoaholidays. co. uk. Retrieved February 10, 2013

Family Delinquency Essay

There are several factors that baron lead to inept parenting in ace parent ho practiseholds. Among these factors are the available economic and parental resources to babyren and the dis moderateable conditions that characterize such fami perchs. Majority of single parents are economically disadvantaged. As such, they often insufficiency the real(a) resources that they stern offer their children.The result is that their children remain uncompetitive especially in school. Their children thus lack placement among their peers owing to the inability of the parent to provide things that they may need. Due to the fact that majority of single parents drop off from various economic hard-foughties, they are seeming to live in run down neighborhoods characterized by gritty crime rates, low quality schools and few community services.The majority of single parents also find it difficult to function effectively as parents. They are in most cases less stimulatedly buy ative of their children, are less restrictive, dispense harsher discipline, are more inconsistent in dispensing discipline, offer less supervision and suck in more conflict with their children (Simmons and Simmons, 2005).These deficits in parenting emanate from the struggle to provide for the family with limited financial resources and attempting to nip and tuck children in the absence of the other biological parent. Various studies associate inept parenting by resident single parents with a variety of negative consequences among children.Relationship between informal and formal labeling to adolescent delinquency concord to labeling theory, perceived negative reactions result in the amplifyment of negative self conceptions and greater delinquent pastime (Glueck, 1962). The proponents of this theory emphasize on the importance of both formal and informal labeling. Formal labels are those acquired done contact with accessible control agencies while informal labeling are those that parents, pe ers and teachers generate. Juveniles become stigmatized through contact with sociable control agencies. Involvement in delinquent bearing is one of the possible responses to being negatively labelled or stigmatized. Negative parental reactions may also lead to a juvenile becoming delinquent.In their routine activities, juveniles encounter variant cues and clues on how members of the community they live perceive them. Juveniles can interpret accurately the meaning of symbols and gestures employed to project labels upon them through subprogram victorious and defining situations. Human beings cannot be state to be passive receptors of negative labels since they possess the capacity to take part in cooperative fundamental frequency interaction through significant symbols. Some juveniles negotiate labels and at times attempt to repudiate their abnormal imputations (Simmons and Simmons, 2005). fitting or defining something is never an idealistic procedure but rather a consequence of an action. As such, mixer groups establish deviance by their response to known acts. A label therefore designates something that is a consequence of successful conversation of gestures. It is this successful conversation of gestures that makes the process of labeling the self possible.Labeling theorists assume that individuals project themselves into the role of significant others during real or imagined interactions and make assessments or self appraisals. The self becomes an object for which the person attaches labels which can either be positive or negative. This assumption is guided by the conception that human keep back the capacity to choose among competing labels for their self conception.Discuss the factors relating to the possibilities of the family coordinate being a major contribution to a juvenile becoming involved in delinquent behaviors.Family structure influences to a large extent the behavior of children. Research findings indicate that children growing up with single parents take on an increased risk of becoming delinquents (Glueck, 1962). The structure of the family influences economic and parental resources that are available to children. Single parents, being financially constrained, are less likely to take care of their childrens need. The result is that the children experience low self esteem as they lack the majority of things that other children possess. Children who are growing up in a family where both parents are present(a) are unlikely to experience behavioral problems.Research also indicates that children from single parent families that receive support from non-resident fathers also exhibit fewer behavioral problems than those without support. With this regard, economic factors influence the possibilities of a child becoming deviant and this mainly depends on the structure of the family. If both the parents are present, the economic conditions are likely to be give way as both parents may take the responsibility in providi ng for the children. As such, the children may not spirit deprived thereby reducing the possibilities of becoming deviant.Children become conformists when their parents possess cooperative co-parental blood. When parents support each others decisions and agree on the rules of the family, the children learn that the parents authority is not arbitrary. Parental agreement therefore path that the children are not exposed to inconsistent discipline when they misbehave. This consistency between parents encourages children to learn and internalize object lesson values and social norms.Causes of marital violenceSocial theories see marital violence to be the harvesting of the society. As such, they see marital violence as emanating from the social structures and the cultural values and norms that accommodate the use of violence among partners. Furthermore, the causes of marital violence have been attributed by some sociologists to be rooted in the structure of the family the interaction between the members of the family and their social interactions. For instance, family systems theory relates the cause of marital violence to communication flaws and conflict in intimate relationships.Psychological theories on the other hand attribute the causes to individual experiences and predispositions. Marital violence may be linked to biological inclination to violence and personality disorder, or as suggested by social learning theories, to the offenders social milieu during his earliest stages of development.Attachment theory emphasizes on the relationship between parents or caregivers with their children and the consequences of such attachments on the ability of an individual to develop safe and healthy relationships afterwards in life. Psychological perspectives hold that individuals may be predisposed to violence by personality disorders or early experiences of trauma. As such, being abusive physically is seen as a manifestation of an underlying emotional problem. Ch ildhood experiences such as parental abuse, rejection and the inability to satisfy the dependence needs of a child may provide a source of subsequent violence.Double JeopardyStatistics show that women are at a higher risk of being victims of marital violence than males. Quite a number of reasons have been postulated to explain this phenomenon. Among the widely held theories is that women are inherently weak. With regard to physical strength, it is widely known that males far more out-weigh egg-producing(prenominal)s in strength.Many female victims often find themselves in difficult situation when they are taking the decision to report their partner for abusing them physically. This is because they are likely to do something worse when they come out. As such, female victims of marital violence are always at the risk of fork-like jeopardy. Even though infraction of protection order may lead to federal outlaw prosecution, advocates may develop procedures to avert double jeopardy. Population heterogeneity theoryThese theories postulate that there is an initial proneness to commit violent offenses and that this early difference in the development of an individual remains quite stable everywhere time (Glueck, 1962)). deal with numerous risk factors before birth, during toddler hood and during childhood are more likely to develop violent tendencies during adolescence and adulthood. In other words, there is a correlation between past and current criminal behavior. Population heterogeneity process attributes stability in offending over time to differences in anti-social characteristics across individuals that is established early in life.One of the implications of a population heterogeneity explanation for continuity in crime over time is that the antisocial feature is likely to have reverberations throughout life, adopting many manifestations later in life. Any observed correspondence between later life events and criminality is spurious ascribable to the fac t that they are all the consequence of a common cause.Concepts and principles of social learning theoryThe fundamental assumption of social learning theory is that the same learning process that operates within the context of social structure, interaction and situation produces both conforming and deviant behavior. The direction of the process in which these tools operate is the initiation of their difference. What is involved is the balance of influences on behavior.In most cases, that balance exudes some form of stability over time but it can also become unstable and change with circumstances and time. Conformity and deviant behavior is learned by the mechanisms in this process even though the theory proposes that the principle mechanism are part of the process in which differential reinforcement and imitation produce both candid behavior and cognitive definitions that function as discriminative stimuli for the behavior.Parenting skillsThe success of any family is dependent upo n effective parenting. As such, it is important for every parent to establish healthy methods of raising their children. New parents should know that the future of their children lie in their hands. The first step to parenting is developing clear expectations of what both parents want. Depending on the background of what is being considered chasten or wrong, parents should plan and communicate their expectation to each other.Establishing a list of social, academic, religious and family oriented expectations for different settings and activities will enable parents to be very particular and concrete in teaching their children. They must that take into consideration the ability and age of the child, developmental status and the available resources. After setting the seize rules and expectations, the second most important thing is to unambiguously communicate these expectations in word and in deed.ReferencesGlueck, E. (1962). Family environment and delinquency. Houghton MifflinSimmo ns, R. & Simmons L. (2005). Families, delinquency, and crime Linking Societys Most Basic Institution to Antisocial Behavior. Oxford University Press

Human rights in South Africa Essay

Summary Stephen Lewis is attempting to get Canadians to support a grassroot aids project in hopes of raising notes in numerous ways. These ways are referred to as dares and Canadian citizens are encouraged to put down in various dares to raise money. Since Canada was in an economic recession at this time they were not able to participate in donating money to Africa, Throughout this project, Stephen Lewis raised $12,000,000 between 50,000 people. This had a large implication on the saving since Canada was in a recession and were not able to help.Article 2 Compulsory TestingThis obligate is about randomness Africans being discriminated against their human rights South Africans are now required to test for human immunodeficiency virus aids because they have one of the largest infected populations in the world. Up to six million people in South Africa around 17 per cent of the population are believed to be HIV positive or suffering from Aids. The provincial governments proposal to introduce mandatory testing follows concerns more people are unaware of the fact they are infected.Article 3 South Africans admit foetid job fighting AIDS.South Africa is the largest AID infected country in the world. Leaders in South Africa admit to mismanaging the AIDS crisis there. They denied that HIV was the cause of AIDS and prescribed the wrong medication to people with this sickness. This in the long run had a health effect on the people of South Africa. It has an impact on unborn babies. harmonize to researchers, 37,000 babies will be infected with Hiv Aids in the next 6 years.

Effective Inventory Control and Management

EFFECTIVE origin CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF IKEA UNIVERSITY OF WALES JANUARY 2012 t competent of Contents ABSTRACT4 CHAPTER 15 1. 1 access5 1. 2 BACKGROUND OF THE musical arrangement7 1. 3 OBJECTIVES8 1. 4 pull ink QUESTIONS8 1. 5 subprogram OF THE RESEARCH9 1. 6 DELIMITATIONS9 1. 7 TARGET GROUP10 1. 8 JUSTIFICATION FOR CHOOSING THIS RESEARCH TOPIC10 1. 9 PROBLEMS FORMULATION11 1. 10 OVERVIEW OF THE DISSERTATION11 2. 4 entry CONTROL17 2. 5 APPROACHES USED FOR scroll CONTROL17 2. 6 INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM19 2. 7 INVENTORY MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE20 2. 7. Comp mavinnts of the softw atomic decimal pointise 1820 Asset tracking20 Barcoding20 Order forethought20 Service anxiety20 2. 8 arrogant INVENTORY21 CHAPTER 3 Research Methodology29 3. 1 RESEARCH TYPES29 3. 1. 1. Exploratory Research29 3. 1. 2 Descriptive Research30 3. 1. 3 Explanatory Research30 3. 1. 4 elect method for this search30 3. 2 RESEARCH APPROACH30 3. 2. 1 Qualitative advancement31 3. 2. 2 quantit ative Approach31 3. 2. 3 Chosen nestle in this work32 3. 3 RESEARCH regularity32 Inductive versus Deductive come out32 3. 4 RESEARCH STRATEGY33 3. 4. 1 Experiment33 3. 4. Survey33 3. 4. 3 motion Research34 3. 4. 4 Case Study34 3. 4. 5 Operations Research toughieling34 3. 4. 6 Chosen strategy for the explore35 3. 5 DATA hookup36 3. 5. 1 Primary Data36 3. 5. 2 Secondary Data36 3. 6 APPROACHES FOR digest37 3. 7 QUALITY CRITERIA37 3. 7. 1. Validity37 3. 7. 2 Reliability38 CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS & ANALYSIS39 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS50 CHAPTER 6 FURTHER RESEARCH52 6. 1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE MODEL & REALITY53 6. 2 FINAL REMARKS55 ABSTRACT In this interrogation mull the record prudence and defy at IKEA is studied.IKEA is a dental plate furnishing participation that produces high forest reapings at re whollyy low prices. This is only possible with the booster of VMI i. e. v revokeor drum it ond origin organization. To surmount the speak to of logistic s, the ancestry moldiness be reduced from the bestow grasp. VMI is a very(prenominal) unplayful strategy of preparation chain guidance w present supplier is solid solely is responsible for full filling the demand line of descent at nodes billet. T here(predicate) argon 19 VMI relationships which atomic number 18 wielded by IKEA. In this counseling IKEA is adequate to reduce the lineage at their storages and provoke the gives aim and satisfy consumers very wellhead.The main decl be angiotensin-converting enzymeself understructure doing this inquiry is to determine whether the unified strain c ar is work verbotenful for reducing the breed levels at the IKEA stores or non. In this search a complete study roughly the scrutinise wangle and trouble is through with(p). The results arrays that thither be various innovative bearings utilise by IKEA to reduce its scroll level so that low prices sack up get involved in managing the blood line and good quality of service pile be proposed to the consumers. The VMI administration phthisisd by the IKEA benefits the summate chain in that locationfore this is responsible for increase the intersection pointivity of suppliers.The increased piece of gun logical argument at scattering pump of IKEA whitethorn be hard but it provoke be alike solved with the help of VMI CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 INTRODUCTION The stream of prudence that is link to the keep and manages the objects and actual or goods is c everyed as fund focusing. The basic domains of account commission is to correct determination of parliamentary procedure, asking for the material on correct time representation prudish timing. entry management is very essential in supply chain management. To reduce the constitute of summarize descent keeping is referred as farm animal agree.At present time gillyf spurn re manage is done with the help of barcodes and radio- frequence identification (RFID ) tags that en equal documentation of lineage automatic all told(prenominal)(prenominal)y. rough of the arsenal objects atomic number 18 fixed assets, circulating tools, subr out(a)ine library books, numeric product. The entry objects ar s brush offned under a barcode s send packingner or RFID reader so that whole told the entropy related to these consummations ar recorded. After that collects additional study from the operators via fixed terminals or mobile computers. This whole member is using up for the automation of gross r purgeue and satisfies the consumers to fulfill his ineluctably.This all information is recorded in a remains and then(prenominal) workers ar call for for packing and rapture of the collection to the final consumer. In and outer hardw atomic number 18 materials be as well as maintained by the inventory corpse. Various wire slight and mobile terminals ar use at the time of trans bodily processs moment and concrete-time inventory control system. The name IKEA stands for Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd. Ikea is one of the largest and long-familiar companies for home furnishing. The main objective of IKEA is to provide good quality home furnishing products at relatively reject prices.The main core specialized argonas of IKEA is calculative, buying and merchandising home furnishing. At present there be more than 300 IKEA stores that argon located in 37 different countries and are enhancing its number perpetually. At present there are 127 000 employees are operative in the comp every(prenominal) in the sinless world such(prenominal) as in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia. This question study is loosely refer with emolument of inventory control systems in order to lower inventory levels at IKEA. Most of the companies at internal as well as international level are facing huge challenges due to coarse competition in the levelet.The challenges that occur in front of the companies are prod uction of innovative product post and that too in lower prices. The company can curb these challenges if it go away be enhanced its strengths and oercome its weaknesses by various efforts. The synopsis of target market has to done very victorianly so that companys products pull up s piddles be buyd by more and more clients and company leave behind earn gelt and generate more revenues. This research paper is mainly related to the fact that how multinational companies manage all its operations related to the inventory and its control.Various processes such as client requirements, operations management, monitoring projects and other theories and processes utilise in actual operation are studied here. In this research various findings related to the management of inventory and its control are gather that underpins the theoretical aspects and the real strategies behind this construct. To chink the correct supply of items or material at perfect timing the supervision of suppl y, its storage and good accessibility is required and that can be done with control of the inventory.This is in addition called as internally control of all the involvements. scrutinize control is an story process or system that is do for promoting efficiency or ensures proper exe doion of a policy or safeguards for the assets to reduce any error or fraudulent activity. account controlcan be explained as adjacent ways withal ? In stintings, it can be expand as theinventory control line of work, thats main objective is to decrease the everywherehead cost without declining the sales graph. ? In the field ofloss prevention, systems designed to introduce technical barriers toshoplifting . 2 BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANIZATION IKEAis a privately have home products company in the international market that handwritings in designing and selling ofready-to-assemble furnituresuch as beds anddesks, appliances and various home accessories. IKEA is the best retailer in the home accesso ries sector. This was started in the year 1943 by 17-year-oldIngvar Kampradin Sweden, the name of the company is decided according to the name initials of break dance such as (IngvarKamprad), and the farm where he grew up (Elmtaryd), and his home parish (Agunnaryd in smaland, South Sweden).This was a well-known organization that reduces the controlling cost of the inventory, various operating(a) things and good management of inventory. Due to its innovative products it was able to generate more wampum and global expansion in the year 2010. But with the help of its operational efficiency it could able to keep its prices lower. The groups of companies that form IKEA are all controlled by INGKA memory B. V. , a Dutch corporation, which in turn is controlled by a tax-exempt, not-for- mesh Dutchfoundation. The ntellectual property of IKEA is controlled by a series of corporations that can be traced to the Netherlands Antillesand to the interogo Foundationin Liechtenstein. INGKA Holdin g B. V. owns the industrial group Swedwood, whichsourcesthe manufacturing of IKEA furniture, the sales companies that run IKEA stores, as well as purchasing and supply functions, and IKEA of Sweden, which is responsible for the design and development of products in the IKEA range. INGKA Holding B. V. is wholly owned byStichting INGKA Foundation, which is a non- kalefoundationregistered inLeiden, Netherlands.The European logistics centre is located inDortmund, Ger more, and the Asian logistics centre is located in Singapore. In Delft and Netherlands, Inter IKEA Systems B. V. populates of the concept and trademark of IKEA and there is an agreement between these two companies. The IKEA Group is the gravidgest franchisee of Inter IKEA Systems B. V. Inter IKEA Systems B. V. is not owned by INGKA Holding B. V. , but by Inter IKEA Holding S. A. registered inLuxembourg,which in turn is controlled by theInterogo Foundationin Liechtenstein. Ingvar Kamprad has confirmed that this foundation is controlled by him and his family.The company which was originated in Smaland, Sweden, distributes its products by dint of its retail outlets. There are 332 stores of IKEA is the 88 countries of the entire world as of October 2011. In fiscal year 2010, it interchange $23. 1 billion worth of goods a 7. 7 pct increase all over 2009. On February 17, 2011, IKEA announced its plans for a wind farm in Dalarna County, Sweden, furthering the furniture giants death of running on 100 part renewable energy. (Handfield, 2001) On the website of IKEA there are nearly 12,000 products that show the whole range of IKEA products and its specialties also.From the year September 2007 to September 2008, there were total 470 million visitors of the website of IKEA. At that time, fraternity is very much interested in taking up eco-friendly processes for the production of its products. The number of IKEA is 3rd for the intake of woods and it is lagging behind The Home DepotandLowes. (Simchi-Levi D, 2007) Business composition The main business idea of IKEA is to provide huge range of good designed products for home furnishing and that must be effrontery in low prices so that many state can use them more. Vision To create a come apart everyday life for the many people. 1. 3 OBJECTIVES To identify the challenges that occurs in the supply chain of IKEA. To decrease the cost that is responsible for generating more profits at IKEA. To improve customer services mend scrutinizing the uprisees for inventory control in order to lower carry levels To determine the usage of coordinated inventory management for proper management and control of inventory. 1. 4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS How the challenges can be solved in supply chain for IKEA? At what level, reduction of holding cost can increase the profitability of IKEA? Is it a good idea to finding new approaches for inventory control in order to improve customer services? How does coordinated inventory management is helpful in proper management of inventory? 1. 5 PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH The main aim of this research is to find out the operational efficiency of IKEA and to determine the inventory management at IKEA. This study includes operational efficiency, capacity proviso, process layout, and product services/scheduling, inventory and how all the projects were managed in the organization. Simchi-Levi D, 2007) The evaluation and monitoring of all the operational processes can be done, this all depart liberation to search in this trip. This research will be helpful in getting all the empirical findings related to the research and the matter that supports the theories related to operations, inventory management and control. This research study will scrutinize the thing that how a precedent can control the multi-level inventory system and it is also utilize for calculating the grade points for IKEAs dispersion centers and retail stores. (Hines, T. 2004)This research study will also give cogniti on about the make-believe software program package that is utilize for calculation of inventory that how much inventory can be reduced if a coordinated inventory control method is executed quite an than the uncoordinated control system used today. This compendium is done by using a sample of articles and the corresponding real drive data from a geographically limited area. For conduting this study in a smooth way, the hunt of material that is chosen was simplest multi-level study where one diffusion center is there and more number of retail stores are selected.The goods or material is distributed from that one distribution centre only. The chosen articles are taken from different price, frequency and service level categories. This marrow that even though only a fraction of the total number of articles is included, the results of the project should be representative for a larger number of other articles. (Haag, S. , 2006) 1. 6 DELIMITATIONS In any research study the geog raphical area must be chosen so that this area can be selected as a sample to conduct this research study. The geographical area chosen in this courting study is the distribution center and the seventeen retail stores.The common goods are sent to all retail stores from the single distribution centre and direct deliveries from the suppliers are not entertained. All articles are also found in the self- parcel out range of products. In this research the products that are already used is not used for conducting the project because that can affect the results of this research. The distribution of new products is done from the distribution centers. The goods that are moved very less from the distribution centre is not used for this research. (Hines, T. 2004) 1. 7 TARGET GROUP In any research study the target group carries the ut near importance.The one target group is IKEA and the fellow students at the university, especially those analyse inventory management and future masters thesis authors. The usage of this research thesis for IKEA is to see the operational things and inventory management at its place and evaluation of its overall inventory management and control. This project is also concerned with the employees that are working with the supply chain management at IKEA (Handfield, 2001). The coordinated inventory management will be helpful in reduction of inventory, this concept will be explored in this research report. . 8 JUSTIFICATION FOR CHOOSING THIS RESEARCH TOPIC This research is mainly concerned with the operational aspects of IKEA. The inventory is very chief(prenominal) part of any organization but the closely grave thing is to maintain this inventory and its proper management is taken care of. The companies main motto is to maintain its inventory in lowest cost and satisfy its consumers to provide the products and services on time factor seasonably delivery of goods and services is very important for the organizations to achieve its organizat ional goals.If company is able to manage its inventory cost, it will ultimately born to earn lots and lots of profits. (Simchi-Levi D, 2007) 1. 9 PROBLEMS FORMULATION The main problem that is searched by IKEA is that its retail stores dealing with the problem of inventory management. There are lots of inventory is store at the retail stores and distribution centers. If there is a lot of inventory is useable at the retail, it will increase its retaining cost and that affect the profits of the organization. If the level of inventory is high, it becomes very costly for the organizations. Hines, T. 2004) Some products are moved but remaining is disposed from the stores and the profits get very lower. Most of the inventory related systems are optimizing the level of lines and they do not care for other installations. The inventories are kept in the organization so that standards must be maintained and when demand is arouse company will be able to meet the demand. The different levels will not benefit from information from the other actors and the system as a whole will only be sub optimized.The distribution store and retail store has the analogous service levels requirements are similar. With this system, it is likely that the central store keeps a non-optimal quantity of stock. The service level that is experienced by customers is the important one. It does not matter what service level the retail stores experience from the distribution centre, as long as the customers do not experience shortages. (Handfield, 2001) This masters thesis will give IKEA a chance to see how a coordinated inventory control system will affect the company.It will not provide any exact or detailed recommendations on how to devour the coordination approach into the current ERP-system, but instead show a possible next step in the development of the control system. (Larson, P. D, 2004) 1. 10 OVERVIEW OF THE DISSERTATION The complete dissertation will go according to the hobby structu re Chapter 1 The research problem, its background, organizational background, the aims and objectives of the research, research questions will explained in this part of the dissertation. The justification behind choosing this research subject and scope of the research is also explained.Chapter 2 This chapter consists of literature related to this topic and all theoretical aspects of the inventory management and control. The operations are very important department of any bighearted industry. The inventory always kept in the stores but the huge money is invested in it to maintain this inventory so that we are here studying the practices to manage inventory and control it. Chapter 3 This chapter consists of the research methodological analysis of the research. The determination of research methodology must be done very carefully so that research will go in right direction.The triangulation methodology is used here that is the combination of soft as well as quantitative research meth ods. The methods of data analysis and rational for choosing this research approach these all questions will be answered in this chapter. Chapter 4 This chapter will collect the analysis of data that is poised through various sources. The analysis of collected data is very important part of any research study because it will give the solution of or problem. Therefore the data analysis various graphs, charts, tables, etc are prone in this chapter and findings from distributively data is explained here.Chapter 5 In this chapter, the conclusions d stabbingn from the project are presented. Finally, recommendations on the use of this masters thesis are inclined. Suggestions on how to expand the study and improve results is also provided. pic body-build-1 move of whole dissertation CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 INTRODUCTION IKEA one of the big players which deal in home products and this organization is famous for good product quality, less expensive product in comparison of othe r players. On the facts if we compare prices offer by IKEA with other layers, they offered 30-50% less price. In polish four year IKEA claim that they reduced 20% price in total where other players are continue increases there product prices. Now this question is arises in mind that who it is possible when the cost of raw material, transportation and the other related things are increasing unceasingly, this is possible because IKEA now start work on their production designing, they manage all the production related work in such a way that they are able to reduce the overall cost and at the same time there is no via media with the product quality.For an example in the starting phase IKEA able to fit 864 mugs in pallet but after redesigning of this plate they got success to fit 2024 mugs in a plate, with this strategy they able to reduce the shipping cost by 60%. (Simchi-Levi D, 2007) In the era of neck to neck competition all industries are locking to make the operations at the b est level and with the help of this they want to cut down the cost, because this is the only way by which an organization is able to reduce the cost without any compromise on product quality.Flow of material from the point of origin to customer is the chain where there is maximum first step of cost cutting. In this chain there are many groundsrs which convert the raw material into end product and after that sale it to customers. Common drivers include procurement, design of the supply chain, inventory, transportation, warehousing, and collaboration. Cost reduction requires timely and improved decision-making for common processes under individually driver. (Cannella S. , 2010) 2. 2 INVENTORY Inventory is the essential evil of every business inventory is there in business at every driver of the supply chain.Inventory management is the process which helps to control in inventory at optimum level so that the organization never face the problem of stock out condition and at the same t ime product is available at the time of demand. When the inventory is at optimum level flow of material is in continuous process. When flow of material is loyal inventory is at minimum level and when flow of material is lento inventory level is at high level. There is the cost which is associate with inventory known as inventory cost, the cost which required managing inventory and to manage the quality of holding product is called Inventory cost.There are two methods which are more famous in current era for inventory management and those are Vendor-Management inventory (VMI) and Drop-shipment. In Vendor management inventory model the organization is in coordination with their vendors to manage the inventory level at optimum level, in this approach the whole process is controlled by some software so that the all point of this chain are aware about the current status of the flow of material and on the land of that vendors make raw material orders.Drop-shipment inventory model is di fferent model this work on ABC model in this model A class inventory guarantee the item which are costlier and use very rarely and C class inventory tra compose the items which are used frequently by not costlier and B class are medium. 2. 3 IN-STORE LOGISTICS AT IKEA IKEA mainly famous for its customization, the design unique product and with the help of inventory management system they make this character reference of product at lower cost. Most of the product are design in such way that customer assemble all the parts at home, so with this form of strategy they able to even ensconce down the transportation cost.This type of strategy is beneficial for both the point of business customer and provider. IKEA is big organization so they deal in high sight and this helps to cut down the cost at high level. IKEAs store operations are supported by high-flow facilities (focused on the 20 percent of SKUs that account for 80 percent of the volume) and low-flow storage warehouses that are more manual. In its high-flow warehouses, IKEA employs automatic storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS) to drive down its costs-per-touch. (Larson, P. D, 2004)IKEA stores are design in such way that they all have warehouse in the same premises, First floor is for customer visit at this store all the product are in customer range so that they can touch it and feel the real comfort while check them, second floor is for the product which are fast travel products, so in case if the product from first floor is sold out customer come to second floor and here can check the product and the last floor is only and only play the role of warehouse this floor is out of the reach of customer and at this floor product used to store in bulk.IKEA employs logistics personnel at its stores. There is an in-store logistics private instructor responsible for the amicable club process and a store goods manager responsible for material handling logistics. Having logistics personnel work in stores i s rare, but there are good arguments for this. The in-store logistics manager uses a proprietary system developed by IKEA to set and respond to store-level inventory reorder points (min and max settings), which is also fairly unique. Most retailers forecast at the distribution center (DC) level and inventory make fullment logic (e. . , minimum order quantity before reordering, maximum tally of a cross product to reorder at any one time) also re situations at the DC level. (Cannella S. , 2010) Because IKEA doesnt replenish during the day, the logic of its min/max is based on having a bin large exuberant to cover all the sales for one day. Because what is sold is known (POS data) and what comes into the store is also known (WMS data), very gnomish cycle counting is done. However, IKEAs system is able to catch anomalies.If the system expects a definite volume of a particular product to have sold during a two day period, and much less has sold, the system will direct in-store logi stics to go to the location and conduct a manual stock check. Store-level inventory accuracy at other retailers is often surprisingly low. IKEA believes its process and system allows for the right goods to be in the store with greater certainty, and at a lower cost, than the traditional retail forecasting/replenishment process. (Handfield, 2001) IKEA is moving to having in-store logistics personnel work with RF terminals.These terminals will direct workers to bins and tell them how much inventory to let down. unconnected in a DC, where WMS logic is often focused on minimizing travel distances, the guiding principle here is to minimize touches. (Larson, P. D, 2004) At many companies, advances can be easily copied by competitors. But IKEA has a bring vision supported by complementary cross-functional logic. This not only differentiates IKEA from its peers, but also provides it with a war-ridden advantage that is difficult to duplicate. (Cannella S. , 2010) 2. 4 INVENTORY CONTROLIti s the supervision of supply, storage and accessibility of items in order to ensure an adequate supply without riotous oversupply. It can also be referred as internal control an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error etc. (Axsater Sven, 2007) Inventory control may refer to ? In economics, theinventory control problem, which aims to reduce overhead cost without hurting sales ? In the field ofloss prevention, systems designed to introduce technical barriers toshoplifting . 5 APPROACHES USED FOR INVENTORY CONTROL The Eyeball System This is the standard inventory control system for the vast majority of pocket-sized retail and many small manufacturing operations and is very simple in application. The key manager stands in the middle of the store or manufacturing area and looks around. If he or she happens to notice that some items are out of stock, they are reordered. (Halldorss on, 2003) In retailing, the difficulty with the eyeball system is that a particularly good item may be out of stock for sometime before anyone notices.Throughout the time it is out of stock, sales are existence lost on it. Similarly, in a small manufacturing operation, low stocks of some particularly searing item may not be noticed until there are none left. Then production suffers until the supply of that part can be replenished. Such unsystematic but simple retailers and manufacturers to their inherent disadvantage. (Cannella S. , 2010) Reserve song (or Brown Bag) System This approach is much more systematic than the eyeball system. It involves eeping a harbor stock of items aside, often literally in a brown bag placed at the rear of the stock bin or storage area. When the last unit of open inventory is used, the brown bag of reserve stock is opened and the new supplies it contains are placed in the bin as open stock. At this time, a reorder is straight off placed. (Mentzer, 2001) If the reserve stock quantity has been calculated properly, the new shipment should beget just as the last of the reserve stock is being used. This is a very simple system to operate and one that is highly efficacious for virtually any type of organization.The variations on the reserve stock system merely involve the management of the reserve stock itself. Larger items may remain in inventory but be cordoned off in some way to indicate that it is the reserve stock and should trigger a reorder. (Lavassani K. , et al, 2009) Perpetual Inventory Systems Various types of perpetual inventory systems include manual, card-oriented, and computer- operated systems. In computer-operated systems, a programmed instruction referred to commonly as a trigger, automatically transmits an order to the appropriate vendor once supplies fall below a prescribed level. Halldorsson, 2003) The purpose of each of the three types of perpetual inventory approaches is to tally either the unit use or the dollar use (or both) of different itemsand product lines. This information will serve to help avoid stock-outs and to maintain a constant evaluation of the sales of different product lines to see where the emphasis should be placed for both selling and buying. (Axsater Sven, 2007) 2. 6 INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM Aninventory control systemis a process for managing and locating objects or materials.In common usage, the term may also refer to justthe software components Modern inventory control systems often rely uponbarcodesandradio-frequency identification(RFID) tags to provide automatic identification of inventory objects. In an academic studyper create atWal-Mart, RFID reduced Out of Stocks by 30 percent for products selling between 0. 1 and 15 units a day. Inventory objects could include any kind of physical asset swap, consumables, fixed assets, circulating tools, library books, or seat of government equipment.To record an inventory transaction, the system uses abarcode scanneror RFID readerto automatically identify the inventory object, and then collects additional information from the operators via fixedterminals(workstations), ormobile computers. (Simchi-Levi D, 2007) Its applications are written below An inventory control system may be used to automate a sales order fulfillment process. Such a system contains a list of order to be fill, and then prompts workers to pick the requisite items, and provides them with packaging and shipping information.An inventory system also manages in and outwards material of hardware. Real-time inventory control systems may use wireless, mobile terminals to record inventory transactions at the moment they occur. Awireless LANtransmits the transaction information to a centraldatabase. Physical inventorycounting andcycle countingare features of many inventory control systems which can enhance the organization. (Axsater Sven, 2007) 2. 7 INVENTORY MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE Inventorymanagement software is a computer-based system for tracking product levels, orders,salesand deliveries.It can also be used in themanufacturingindustry to create awork order,bill of materialsand other production-related documents. Companies useinventory management softwareto avoid product overstock and outages. It is a tool for organizing inventorydatathat before was generally stored in hard-copy form or inMicrosoft Excelspreadsheets. (Handfield, 2001) 2. 7. 1 Components of the software Inventory management software is made up of several components, all working together to create a cohesive inventory and stocks for many organisations control systems. These components include (in alphabetical order) (Mentzer, 2001)Asset tracking When a product is in awarehouseor store, it can be tracked via itsbar codeand/or other tracking criteria, such asserial number, lot number or revision number. Barcoding Barcodes are the cogitates whereby data on products and orders is excitantted into inventory management software. Abarcode readeris require d to read barcodes and look up information on the products they represent. (Larson, P. D, 2004) Order management Once products reach a certain low level, a companys inventory management system can be programmed to tell managers to reorder that product.This helps companies avoid running out of products or tying up too much capital in inventory. (Lavassani K. , et al, 2009) Service management Companies that are primarily service-oriented rather than product-oriented can use inventory management software to track the cost of the materials they use to provide services, such as cleaning supplies. This way, they can attach prices to their services that reflect the totalcostof performing them. (Cannella S. , 2010) 2. 8 CONTROLLING INVENTORY discoverling inventory does not have to be an toilsome or complex proposition. It is a process and thoughtful inventory management.There are no hard and fast rules to abide by, but some extremely serviceable guidelines to help your thinking about th e subject. A quintet step process has been designed that will help any business bring this potential problem under control to think systematically thorough the process and allow the business to make the most efficient use possible of the resources represented. The final decisions, of course, must be the result of good judgment, and not the product of a mechanical set of formulas. (Axsater Sven, 2007) STEP 1 Inventory Planning Inventory control requires inventory planning.Inventory refers to more than the goods on hand in the retail operation, service business, or manufacturing facility. It also represents goods that must be in transit for arrival after the goods in the store or plant are sold or used. An ideal inventory control system would arrange for the arrival of new goods at the same moment the last item has been sold or used. The economic order quantity, or base orders, depends upon the amount of cash (or credit) available to invest in inventories, the number of units that qu alify for a quantity discount from the manufacturer, and the amount of time goods spend in shipment. (Halldorsson, 2003)STEP 2 Establish order cycles If demand can be predicted for the product or if demand can be measured on a regular basis, regular ordering quantities can be setup that take into consideration the most economic relationships among the costs of preparing an order, the aggregate shipping costs, and the economic order cost. When demand is regular, it is possible to program regular ordering levels so that stock-outs will be avoided and costs will be minimized. If it is known that every so many weeks or months a certain quantity of goods will be sold at a steady pace, then replacements should be plan to arrive with equal regularity. Mentzer, 2001) Time should be spent developing a system tailored to the needs of each business. It is useful to focus on items whose costs justify such control, recognizing that in some cases control efforts may cost more the items worth. At the same time, it is also necessary to include low return items that are critical to the overall sales effort. (Simchi-Levi D, 2007) If the business experiences seasonal cycles, it is important to distinguish the demands that will be placed on suppliers as well as other sellers.A given firm must recognize that if it bulge outs to run out of product in the middle of a busy season, other sellers are also beginning to run out and are looking for more goods. The problem is compounded in that the maker may have already switched over to next seasons production and so is not interested in (or probably even capable of) filling any further orders for the current selling season. Production resources are likely to already be allocated to filling orders for the next selling season. (Larson, P. D, 2004) Changes in this pulsing would be extremely costly for both the supplier and the customer.On the other hand, because suppliers have problems with inventory control, just as sellers do, they ma y be interested in making deals to induce customers to purchase inventories offseason, usually at essential savings. They want to shift the carrying costs of purchase and storage from the seller to the buyer. Thus, there are seasonal implications to inventory control as well, both positive and negative. The point is that these seasonable implications must be built into the planning process in order to support an effective inventory management system. Axsater Sven, 2007) pic Figure 2 Inventory Control STEP 3 Balance Inventory Levels Efficient or inefficient management of merchandise inventory by a firm is a major factor between hefty profits and operating at a loss. There are both market-related and budget-related issues that must be dealt with in call of coming up with an ideal inventory balance (Axsater Sven, 2007) Is the inventory correct for the market being served? Does the inventory have the proper turnover? What is the ideal inventory for a typical retailer or jobber in this business?To answer the last question first, the ideal inventory is the inventory that does not fall behind profitable sales and can still justify the investment in each part of its whole. An inventory that is not compatible with the firms market will lose profitable sales. Customers who cannot find the items they trust in one store or from one supplier are forced to go to a competitor. Customer will be especially irritated if the item out of stock is one they would ordinarily expect to find from such a supplier. Repeated experiences of this type will motivate customers to become regular customers of competitors. (Simchi-Levi D, 2007)STEP 4 Review Stocks Items sitting on the shelf as obsolete inventory are just now dead capital. Keeping inventory up to date and devoid of obsolete merchandise is some other critical aspect of good inventory control. This is particularly important with title merchandise, but it is important with any merchandise that is turning at a lower rat e than the average stock turns for that particular business. One of the important principles newer sellers frequently find difficult is the need to mark down merchandise that is not moving well. (Mentzer, 2001) Markups are usually highest when a new style first comes out.As the style fades, efficient sellers gradually begin to mark it down to avoid being stuck with large inventories, thus keeping inventory capital working. They will begin to mark down their inventory, take less gross margin, and return the funds to working capital rather than have their investment stand on the shelves as obsolete merchandise. Markdowns are an important part of the working capital cycle. Even though the margins on markdown sales are lower, turning these items into cash allows you to purchase other, more current goods, where you can make the margin you desire. (Cannella S. , 2010)Keeping an inventory fresh and up to date requires constant solicitude by any organization, large or small. Style merchand ise should be disposed of before the style fades. Fad merchandise must have its inventory levels kept in line with the passing fancy. out of date merchandise usually must be sold at less than normal markup or even as loss leaders where it is priced more competitively. (Handfield, 2001) Loss leader pricing strategies can also serve to attract more consumer traffic for the business thus creating opportunities to sell other merchandise as well as well as the obsolete items.Technologically obsolete merchandise should normally be removed from inventory at any cost. Stock turnover is really the way businesses make money. It is not so much the profit per unit of sale that makes money for the business, but sales on a regular basis over time that eventually results in profitability. The stock turnover rate is the rate at which the average inventory is replaced or turned over, throughout a pre-defined standard operating period, typically one year. It is generally seen as the multiple that sa les represent of the average inventory for a given period of time. Axsater Sven, 2007) Turnover averages are available for virtually any industry or business maintaining inventories and having sales. These figures act as an efficient and effective benchmark with which to compare the business in question, in order to determine its effectiveness relative to its capital investment. Too frequent inventory turns can be as great a potential problem as too few. Too frequent inventory turns may indicate the business is trying to work on a limited capital base, and may carry with it the attendant costs of stock-outs and unhappy and lost customers.Stock turns or turnover, is the number of times the average inventory of a given product is sold annually. It is an important concept because it helps to determine what the inventory level should be to achieve or support the sales levels predicted or desired. Inventory turnover is computed by dividing the volume of goods sold by the average invento ry. (Simchi-Levi D, 2007) STEP 5 Follow-up and Control Periodic round offs of the inventory to detect slow-moving or obsolete stock and to identify fast sellers are essential for proper inventory management.Taking regular and periodic inventories must be more than just totaling the costs. each clerk can do the work of recording an inventory. However, it is the responsibility of key management to study the figures and review the items themselves in order to make correct decisions about the disposal, replacement, or discontinuance of different segments of the inventory base. (Lavassani K. , et al, 2009) only when as an airline cannot make money with its airplanes on the ground, a firm cannot earn a profit in the absence of sales of goods. Keeping the inventory attractive to customers is a prime prerequisite for healthy sales.Again, the sellers inventory is usually his largest investment. It will earn profits in direct proportion to the effort and science applied in its management. Inventory quantities must be organized and measured carefully. (Mentzer, 2001) Minimum stocks must be assured to prevent stock-outs or the lack of product. At the same time, they must be balanced against excessive inventory because of carrying costs. In larger retail organizations and in many manufacturing operations, purchasing has evolved as a clean-cut new and separate phase of management to achieve the dual objective of higher turnover and lower investment.If this type of strategy is to be utilized, however, extremely careful attention and constant review must be built into the management system in order to avoid getting caught short by surprising changes in the larger business environment. Caution and periodic review of reorder points and quantities are a must. man-to-man market size of some products can change suddenly and corrections should be made. (Halldorsson, 2003) Basic definitions Holding cost The cost of keeping one product in stock for one time unit. shortage co st The cost per unit and time unit of not having a product in stock when it is demanded.Lead time- The time it takes to receive an order after placing it, including the potential delays due to stock out at f number echelons. Transportation The time it takes to receive an order after placing it, given time that it can be delivered like a shot (may include fixed times for picking, receiving and other handling). Lost sales -When customers leave the store empty pass on because the demanded item is not available. This presumes that the customers are not willing to wait until the product is delivered from the next level supplier.Backorder- Occurs when a customer waits for an order until it becomes available if the supplier is out of stock at the time the order is placed. This can lead to a queue. Inventory level The actual physical inventory on hand Inventory position The inventory level plus outstanding orders minus possible backorders. SERV1 Probability of no stockout per order cycle, also known as cycle service level. SERV2 -Fraction of demand that can be satisfied immediately from stock on hand, also referred to as the fill rate. SERV3 Fraction of time with positive stock on hand, also known as ready rate.SERV3 =SERV2 when demand is continuous or customers can only purchase one unit a time. (R,Q)-policy Stock replenishment policy where Q units are ordered as presently as the inventory position drops down to or below R. The maximum inventory level can thus be R + Q. CHAPTER 3 Research Methodology In this chapter of the dissertation all the methodologies that are used for conducting this research is expressed. First of all the research purpose and then research approach is explained over here. The research method and its strategies are also described.Then the chapter continues with the process of data order and approach of analysis. (Holliday, 2007) The research process that is given by Saunders et al, are given below. This is given in an onion shape m odel pic Figure 3 Saunders Onion Model for Research Methodology 3. 1 RESEARCH TYPES The purpose of this research is change integrity in sideline ways 3. 1. 1. Exploratory Research In this research worker is keen to know what is going on in the research and try to find out new things about the research problem. This is useful when researcher wants to understand the problem properly.Exploratory research is open for change so that is adaptable and flexible. It is useful in formulation of hypothesis. (Creswell, J. W. 2003). 3. 1. 2 Descriptive Research It is used when research objectives and information is clear about the research. In this the researcher does not form any conclusion from the data collected, he just shows what he observes. The research object must be very clear in this research. 3. 1. 3 Explanatory Research In informative research, the problem solution can be done by explaining the relationships between variables. Saunders, et al, 2000) In explanatory research the re search is planned and structured so that systematic errors can be reduced. The researcher is able to draw the conclusions on the basis of the relationships. The main source of data for explanatory research is by querying the people through surveys or interview protocol. (DeWalt, et al 2002) 3. 1. 4 Chosen method for this research In this research the data is collected through interviewing the employees at IKEA and case companies. So that explanatory research approach is used here for conducting this research study.This method is used because the researcher wants to form a conclusion from the research problem. (Holliday, 2007) 3. 2 RESEARCH APPROACH The researcher chooses the research approach on the basis of the relationship between system and empirics in the project. The research approach can be inductive or deductive. The Qualitative or Quantitative research approaches are also used. These approaches are given below 3. 2. 1 Qualitative Approach The qualitative approach is very flexible and the questions can be mould according to the situation and according to the respondents responses during interview.Its tractability is useful for the researcher because it gives the opportunity to him to explore more about the research subject. But the negative side is that it is impossible to compare data from two respondents. The advantages of qualitative research are given below This data is present in quality and gives in-depth knowledge about the subject. (Creswell, J. W. 2003). In qualitative approach more than one possible explanation of the objects are given. The disadvantages of this approach are given below The result of qualitative approach is not open for generalizations because small numbers of objects are studied. The analysis and interpretation of the data is dependent upon the experiences of the researcher. This analysis takes long time. 3. 2. 2 Quantitative Approach In this approach, the researcher collects the quantitative data through pixilated s urvey that is conducted to gather the data. There is a set format of questionnaire that consists of various structured questions and these surveys are filled by the respondents in order to get the data. The advantages of quantitative analysis are given below The results that are achieved through quantitative approach can be generalized easily on the whole population. This gives the scientific basis to the study. The result of quantitative research is highly credible and authentic. The disadvantages of quantitative analysis are given in the following points The negative aspect of this approach is that sometimes irrelevant data is also gathered through quantitative research and that is not usable in the research. (Saunders, et al, 2000) If the quality of input is low the quality of output is also low. 3. 2. 3 Chosen approach in this studyThe triangulation approach is used over here in this research study. In triangulation method both qualitative as well as quantitative research me thodology is used. Some of the data is collected through benchmarking case studies of different companies and thoughts about vendor managed inventory and its evaluation is collected through qualitative research and interviews are also conducted and surveys are also get filled by the people so quantitative method is also used. The questions are similar and can be generalized on whole population. (DeWalt, et al 2002) 3. 3 RESEARCH METHODInductive versus Deductive approach There are two kinds of research method one is inductive and another is deductive theory. In inductive method the data is firstly collected by the researcher and then he develops the theory on the basis of that collective data. In this approach the study is done on the real scenario and then a general theory is formed on the basis of that analysis. The data is collected via various sources. The main problem with the inductive approach is that the data is collected to form the theories so that data collection is no mor e unconditional. Saunders, et al, 2000) In deductive approach the research starts on the basis of theoretical studies and then these theories are applied to the real empirical case and conclusion of the research is formed according to the theory. In this kind of approach the hypothesis is formed according to the pre-existing theories and then it is well-tried in the real world. The conclusion made through this will reject or accept the hypothesis. import method is related to the collection of quantitative data and in induction theory, the qualitative data is gathered.The research is totally based on pre-existing theories so that deductive approach is applicable in this study. The theories that are already exists are tested in the practical terms and find the research results. The already used methods of inventory control or management at IKEA is tested and improves in order to enhance effectiveness. In this research the simulation method of inventory and vendor managed inventory i s tested on the IKEA framework. The management of inventory and its control and vendor managed inventory the questions about all these concepts will be given with the help of this research method. Creswell, J. W. 2003). 3. 4 RESEARCH STRATEGY To conduct a research is successful manner it is very necessary for the researcher to decide a strategy and plan accordingly for the way of collecting the data. The strategy is useful for getting the knowledge about the source of collecting the data. The main strategies are elaborated in the following points 3. 4. 1 Experiment Experiments are used in scientific as well as social science research. The definition of theoretical aspects, the sample selection and measurement of variables is done in this. Saunders, et al, 2000) These are used to find out the causalities between the input and output. The process of whole experiment is standard and fixed it is not at all flexible. First of all a hypothesis is formed, then the parameters are decided th at will be studied while experiment, and finally the resulting parameters are achieved. 3. 4. 2 Survey The survey is conducted for systematic social function of the phenomenon. When deductive methodology is used by the research, the survey is used at that time. The survey is full of questionnaires and that is distributed to all the population or its sample for collection of data.The standard questions are used in the questionnaire and comparison can be done accordingly. This strategy takes so much of time. (DeWalt, et al 2002) 3. 4. 3 Action Research The action research approach is applied when we are working for improving something while its studying. First of all card is very necessary and identify and define a problem that is going to be solved. The proposal for firmness the problem is formed and implemented. The evaluation of the solution is necessary to check how well it is working. If the solution is not appropriate, it is again check and changes the proposal accordingly.Th e action research is done by a close relationship and the draw between the researcher and the studied research problem. 3. 4. 4 Case Study The main aim of the case study is to explain a particular object. If researcher is so much keen to know each and every aspect of the research problem and wants to understand the research subject in and out then he goes for the case study approach. The case study gives deeper insights of the research object. In this approach extensive knowledge about the research subject is collected through studying the case studies.In case study there are no restrictions about how data is collected through this and how it should be analyzed. But the results that rose from case studies are not necessarily applicable to general cases. The collection of data is done through following methods Interviews Observations and Achieve analysis. 3. 4. 5 Operations Research Modeling The cases where analytical model is used in the real scenario and quantitative research t echnique is used, this is called as operations research modeling (ORM). (Hillier, et al, 2005) The main steps of ORM are given below in following points The problem is defined and collects the data that is relevant to it. A mathematical model is being formulated to show the problem. A computer based procedure is formed to evoke the solutions to the problem. The testing of model is done and refines it. Ongoing application of the model is being formed. Execute pic Figure 4 Operations Research Modeling 3. 4. 6 Chosen strategy for the research The case study approach is used for this research study because here we are studying IKEA that is a world known home furnishing company. The whole focus s given on IKEA and its strategies of managing inventory and its control. The deep insights are created by studying this company and in-depth knowledge of its inventory management system is studied in this research. (Fischer, 2005) The operations research approach is also used for this resea rch paper, a mathematical model i. e. model for optimizing multi echelon inventories is used. 3. 5 DATA COLLECTION There are various sources that is used for data collection. There are two kinds of data collection first is elemental data collection and second is secondary data collection.Primary data is the one that is gathered for particularly this research according to the demand of that research and secondary data that is collected already for another purpose. But secondary data is used for support the elemental data. (Holliday, 2007) 3. 5. 1 Primary Data The primary data is collected through three ways such as observation, interview and questionnaires. Particularly for this research, the semi-structured interview protocols are formed that is used for getting the data from respondents. (Holliday, 2007) 3. 5. 2 Secondary Data Both primary as well as secondary data is used for this research study.The secondary data is collected firstly for getting a broad literature review about the inventory control and management and about vendor managed inventory. The secondary data is also gathered to issue the thesis for this research. The vendor managed inventory, supply chain management, logistics management at IKEA, economic evaluation these all terms are widely studied. (Flyvbjerg, B. 2011). The most common methods of collection of primary as well as secondary data are given below Literature The literature review gives the deep insights about the research subject is given in it.It gives better background knowledge of the subject. Various books, journals, articles, internet sources are used to gather data. Interviews Interview is also an important source to get the data from the respondent. The interviews are of different kinds structured as well as unstructured interviews. In structured interviews same questions are being asked by all the respondents but in unstructured the respondent are open to share all his thoughts. Survey Taking interviews will take long ti me so that a survey sheet is distributed among the candidates and get the data from them.It is a questionnaire that consist similar questions. 3. 6 APPROACHES FOR ANALYSIS The analysis of data that is collected through various research methods are done through two different approaches one is qualitative research approach that is used for analysis of qualitative data and another one is quantitative research approach, that is used for analysis of quantitative data. The economic method and parameters that affected the inventory control and management will be analyzed here to get the result of this research. (DeWalt, et al 2002) 3. 7 QUALITY CRITERIATo determine the validity and reliability of the research is very important step of the research and it is helpful in judging the quality of the research. (Holliday, 2007) 3. 7. 1. Validity Here validity means the methods that are used for measurements are intended to measure. There are internal as well as external validity. To enhance the v alidity of any research subject, various views of problem must be seen. The internal validity means that how much the result of the research is corresponds to the phenomenon that is studied in this research. External validity means that the ability to generalize from the results.The internal validity of this research is very well. The literature review is thoroughly reviewed by the researcher that is used for these research objectives. The literature review gives the rich knowledge about the inventory management and its control. (Fischer, 2005) An increased validity is also given by changing input parameters and controlling if the model behaves as expected. This is specially revealing if the parameters are extreme of both maximum and minimum values. Another way to enhance validity is to do a retrospective test, which means using historical data as input parameter.The results are then compared to what actually happened and it reveals if the model would give better results than realit y. It can also reveal if the model is correct. The drawback of using retrospective testing is that the results given from the data used to create the model (historical) do not necessarily give good results for the future. 3. 7. 2 Reliability Reliability refers to the methods of measurements will give the correct or reliable methods or not. The reliability of this dissertation is very high and the whole information is collected by the researcher in a systematic way.The data is collected through semi-structured interview surveys in a standardized form. The interview forms are already sent to the people so that they can well verse with the interview questions are prepare themselves before the interviews. (Mahoney, 2006) CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS & ANALYSIS 4. 1 Simulation model Assumptions made in simulation model The following assumptions are made for simulation model The demand that is not fulfilled due to lack of stock is considered as lost sales. The continuous review of inventory is d one. The orders are placed directly when the inventory reach to the level of reorder point. The time of transportation is taken as constant. The lead time can be variable when stock is not available at distribution centre. The supplier has always has its stock. If a retail store places an order that cannot be fulfilled immediately by the distribution center, the order is kept as a backorder and fulfilled when the products become available. The distribution center never delivers partial orders to retail stores. Instead, it always waits for the entire order to be available before shipping the goods. The order quantities at all levels are constant. 4. 1. 1 Demand distributionIn Extend, customer arrivals cannot be generated by simply entrance the mean and standard deviation of the demand over time. Instead, the statistical distribution of the time between customer arrivals needs to be inserted. Also, in order to ensure that the mean and standard deviation of the demand over time ar e correct, the number of items one customer buys is not fixed. The relation between variation and mean value of the weekly demand is over 1. 1 for the vast majority of the articles and stores. According to the theory discussed earlier, this makes the compound Poisson distribution suitable to estimate the customer pattern.In the case of a variance mean relation of lower than 1. 1, a regular Poisson distribution is used. The reasoning above is based on the assumption that the arrivals of customers, and the number of products each customer wishes to purchase, are independent of each other. Based on the fact that the customers are end consumers of the products, this is a reasonable assumption. The compounding distribution chosen to use is the logarithmic distribution since it is a discrete distribution with available formulas for calculating the parameters needed given mean and variance of the demand. . 1. 2 Output parameters of the simulation The simulation model is built to store thr ee types of data mean inventory levels, SERV2 and SERVIKEA. The measurements chosen are enough to estimate the potential stock reductions as well as controlling that the service is kept at the